Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (201 page)

24: Not Peace but a Sword (1914- 1960)

J. Morris,
The Church in the Modern Age
(London, 2007), provides excellent shapes for the period, expanded by the essays in H. McLeod (ed.),
The Cambridge History of Christianity 9: World Christianities c. 1914-c. 2000
(Cambridge, 2006). The best guide to Western theology over the last century is P. Kennedy,
Twentieth Century Theologians: A New Introduction
(London, 2009). Admirable in its clarification of much that is complicated is A. Anderson,
An Introduction to Pentecostalism
(Cambridge, 2004), although it lacks the panache of G. Wacker,
Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture
(Cambridge, MA, 2001). A. Hastings,
A History of English Christianity 1920-1990
(3rd edn, London, 1991), is both reflective and hugely entertaining. W. Dalrymple,
From the Holy Mountain
(London, 1997), is (in addition to being fine travel literature) a sobering account of the agony of Christianity in the Middle East over the last century.

25: Culture Wars (1960-present)

H. McLeod,
The Religious Crisis of the 1960s
(Oxford, 2007), examines the cultural shift which sparked a turbulent half-century, from the point of view of one historian who remembers being there. As events unfold, it is difficult to provide reading which will keep pace with them, but the early twenty-first century saw a 'battle of the books' which put discussions about Christianity and religion in general back in the public sphere to a degree they have not been in some while. Developing a line of essentially anthropological thought, the biologist Richard Dawkins argues in
The God Delusion
(London, 2006) that there is no longer any need for God and no 'evidence' to support religious belief; the professional polemicist Christopher Hitchens produced a polemical follow-on in
God is not Great: The Case against Religion
(London, 2007). Against this, A. Wooldridge,
God is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith is Changing the World
(London, 2009), makes the point that Christianity is resurgent almost everywhere except 'old Europe' and that there may already be more Christians in China than any other country in the world. In a number of subtle and impressive studies, particularly
Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia
(London, 2007), the philosopher John Gray has argued that whatever the level of overt Christian observance in the old world, Christianity has had a decisive influence in shaping secular movements from the Enlightenment to Communism.

A sobering analysis of the recent US story is M. Northcott,
An Angel Directs the Storm: Apocalyptic Religion and American Empire
(London, 2004). M. A. Sells,
The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), unflinchingly examines a conflict of the period whose roots and course form one of the most shaming indictments of European religious divisions. One work from Britain's leading expert on Soviet religion which captures the moment of change in Eastern Europe as it happened is M. Bourdeaux,
Gorbachev, Glasnost and the Gospel
(London, 1990). J. Cornwell,
Breaking Faith: The Pope, the People and the Fate of Catholicism
(London, 2001), expresses many of the tensions felt in the worldwide Catholic Church. The council which helped to spark them is given a more upbeat analysis by the essayists of R. F. Bulman and F. J. Parrella (eds.),
From Trent to Vatican II: Historical and Theological Investigations
(Oxford, 2006). One controversial form of Roman Catholicism can be sampled in A. T. Hennelly (ed.),
Liberation Theology: A Documentary History
(Maryknoll, 1990). W. Hollenweger,
Pentecostalism: Origins and Developments Worldwide
(Peabody, MA, 1997), is an impressive survey by the scholar who pioneered serious study of the worldwide movement which has nurtured his own faith, and the essayists of T. O. Ranger (ed.),
Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa
(Oxford, 2008), hint at a possible positive nexus between Christianity and politics in a so-far persistently troubled continent.

Index

For reasons of space, this is an abridged version of the full index, which can be found at
www.stx.ox.ac.uk/general/fellows/macculloch
-diarmaid. All dates are CE unless stated as BCE. Popes are listed under Rome; monarchs are gathered under their principal territory, Oecumenical Patriarchs under Constantinople and Archbishops of Canterbury under Canterbury. Monarchs and popes have (where possible) their birth date followed by the date of their accession to the throne, followed by their date of death. Members of European nobility are indexed under their surnames. Those who have been declared saints by one or other Christian Church are indexed either under their first names or their surnames, not at 'St'.

Abbasid dynasty

abbesses

abbots;
see also
monks

'Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn:
see
Wahhabite Islam

Abelard, Peter (1079 - 1142)

abortion

Abraham (Abram)

Acacian schism (482 - 519)

Adam ;
see also
Eve; Fall; Jesus Christ: Second Adam; original sin

adoptionism (dynamic Monarchianism)

adultery

Aelia Capitolina:
see
Jerusalem

Africa, Map (889), ; British in; decolonization; Dutch in; Dyophysites in; Miaphysites in; Pentecostals in; Portuguese in; Protestants in; Roman Catholics in;;
see also
Belgian Congo; Egypt; Ethiopia; Ghana; Kongo; Sierra Leone; slavery; South Africa

African-American Christianity , Plate

African-initiated Churches (
Aladura
; Ethiopian Churches)

afterlife;
see also
Heaven; Hell; Purgatory

agnosticism

AIDS

Aksum; Negus:
see
Ethiopia

al-Hakim, Caliph

Aladura
Churches

Albigensian Crusade:
see
Cathars

Albrecht of Brandenburg or Mainz:
see
Hohenzollern

Albury Conferences

alcohol;
see also
Prohibition; temperance and teetotalism

Aleppo (Berrhoea)

Alexander the Great:
see
Macedon

Alexandria; Academy; and biblical scholarship; Council (400); early Church in ; Greek Orthodox Patriarch; Jews in; library; Muslim conquest; Patriarch called Pope; theology in;
see also
Coptic Church

Allah, Shah Wali (1703 - 62)

Allah (
al-ilah
);
see also
God

allegory: in Bible; and Homer

Almohad dynasty

almsgiving:
see
poor relief

Alopen (
c.
)

alphabets; Armenian; Coptic; Cyrillic; Glagolitic; Greek;
han'gul
(Korean); Hebrew; Phoenician; Syriac

Alsted, Johann Heinrich

altars: Christian ; Jewish

alumbrados

Ambrose (
c.
; Bishop of Milan)

America; origins of name;
see also
Central, North, South America

American Revolution:
see
United States

Amish

Amsterdam

Anabaptists;
see also
radical Reformation

Anatolia:
see
Asia Minor

ancien regime

angels and archangels

Anglicanism and Anglican Communion ; in Africa; in Australia; in Caribbean; and ecumenism; in Hong Kong; in India; and modern culture wars; in New Zealand; origins of word; in South Africa; and sex;
see also
England, Church of; episcopacy; Evangelicalism; High Churchmanship; Ireland, Church of; Latitudinarianism; Scottish Episcopal Church; United States of America: Episcopal Church

Anglo-Catholicism , Plate

Anglo-Saxon Church, Map(335); and Byzantium; mission in Europe; mission to Vikings; monasticism in

Ankara:
see
Ancyra

Anne (Anna), grandmother of God

Anno Domini
dating;
see also
Common Era dating; Julius Africanus

annulment of marriage

Annunciation:
see
Mary

'Anointed One':
see
Jesus Christ as Messiah

Anomoeans (Dissimilarians)

anti-Catholicism; in France; in Great Britain; in Mexico; in North America/USA; in northern Europe; in Spain

anti-Semitism; and flagellants; in Iberia; modern Europe;
see also
crusades; ghettos; Jews; Judaism

Anti-Trinitarians: in England; among Founding Fathers; in Hungary;
see also
'Arian' christology; Socinianism; Unitarianism; Valdes

Antichrist, Plate; as Pope

antichristian movements

anticlericalism

antinomianism;
defined

Antioch (Syria); Crusaders capture (1099); theological and biblical scholarship

Antony of Egypt (
c.
)

Aotearoa:
see
New Zealand

apocalypse and apocalypticism; abandoned by Catholic Church; and Evangelicals; in Islam; in modern Europe; Russian; in Spanish America; and Western Latin Church, Plate;
see also
Catholic Apostolic Church; Franciscans; Joachim of Fiore; Last Days; Millennium; post-millennialism; premillennialism

apocalyptic writing;
defined

Apocryphal writings; individual books: Acts of Peter; Acts of Thomas; Apocalypse of Peter;Enoch; Epistle of Barnabas; Epistle of Clement; Epistle to the Laodiceans; Esdras;Ezra; Gospel of Judas; Gospel of Mary; Gospel of Thomas; Protevangelium of James; Testimony of Truth; Wisdom of Solomon;
see also
Bible: Apocrypha, Revelation; Inter-Testamental literature

Apollinaris of Laodicea (
c..
)

Apollonius of Tyana (
c..
)

Apologists;
see also
Justin Martyr

apophatic Christianity;
defined

apostles (disciples); female;
see also
James; Paul of Tarsus; Peter; Philip; Twelve

Apostles' Creed

apostolic succession in ministry episcopal

Aquileia, 'Council' of (381)

Aquinas, Thomas:
see
Thomas Aquinas

Arabia; Christianity in; and Ethiopia; Judaism in; traditional religion;
see also
Ghassanids; Islam; Saudi Arabia

Arabic language; literature;
see also
Qur'an

Aragon (Aragon-Navarre), Map(589);
see also
Spain

Aramaic language;
see also
Syriac language

archaeology ; in Renaissance

archangels:
see
angels

architecture; Anglican; Baroque; Cistercian; Gothic; Latin American, Plate; Lutheran; political; Protestant; Reformed Protestant; Renaissance; Romanesque; Russian;
see also
basilican churches; bells; church buildings; minarets

Arianism; among 'barbarians'; first controversy; named by Athanasius;
see also
Anomeans; Ariminum; Dissimilarians; Homoeans; semi-Arians; Socinianism; unitarianism

Arius (
c.
)

Aristotle (BCE) and Aristotelianism; and biology; and Christianity ; and Islam;
see also
scholasticism; Thomas Aquinas; transubstantiation

Ark of the Covenant (
tabot
)

Arles, Council of (314)

Armageddon:
see
Last Days; Megiddo

Armenia; Christianity in ; massacres of Armenians King: Trdat (Tiridates)

armies; and Christianity;
see also
warfare

Arminianism; Dutch; English;
see also
Methodism

Arnhem

art; African; Catholic; Celtic; Coptic; Ethiopian; Franciscan influence on; Orthodox; Renaissance, Plates; Russian; Spanish; Syriac; as theology;
see also
Cross; Iconoclastic Controversy; icons; images; mosaics; sculpture; wall paintings

asceticism; in gnosticism; and Islam;
see also
hermits; monks; mysticism; nuns

Asia, Chs., Map(274); decolonization; religions;
see also
Buddhism; China; Confucianism; Hinduism; India; Japan; Korea; Mongols; Ottoman Empire; Persia; Philippines; Taoism

Asia Minor (Anatolia; Turkey); early Christianity in Ch.;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy

Assumption:
see
Mary

Assyria

Assyrian Christians;
see also
Dyophysites

Astell, Mary (1666 - 1731)

astrology

astronomy

Athanasius (293 - 373);
Life of Antony

atheism;
see also
agnosticism; faith; humanism

Athens; Parthenon; Stoa and Academy;
see also
democracy

Athos, Mount

Atlantic Isles;
see also
Celtic Christianity; England; Great Britain; Ireland; Scotland; Stuart dynasty; Wales

Atonement:
see
Jesus Christ: atonement; soteriology

Augsburg: Confession (1530); Confession (varied/
Variata
, 1540); Diet of (1530);
Interim
(1548) Plate; Peace of (1555)

Augustine of Canterbury:
see
Canterbury

Augustine of Hippo (354 -); early life; conversion; ordination; and Donatists; and allegory;
City of God
; and coercion;
Confessions
; ecclesiology; and evil; and grace; and Jews; and Luther; and monasticism; and Origen; and original sin; and Orthodoxy; and Paul of Tarsus; and Pelagianism; and Plato; and Reformation; and sacraments; and sexuality; and slavery; soteriology ; and Ten Commandments; and Trinity; and war; and wealth;
see also
Monica