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45
.
Louis-Alexandre Berthier was named minister of war, replacing Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé, who had refused to take part in the coup (Victor-Bernard Derrécagaix,
Le maréchal Berthier, prince de Wagram et de Neuchâtel
, 2 vols (Paris, 1904, reprinted 2002), i. pp. 370–5). Having a faithful ally in this position was a not so subtle means of controlling the army, assuming Bonaparte could purge it of hostile elements, but Berthier was also a competent administrator. The only other new ministers were Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin in finance (for Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet, who refused office), and Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace, a member of the Institute, who was made minister of the interior as a sop to the Ideologues who had supported the coup (Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin,
Mémoires, souvenirs, opinions et écrits du Duc de Gaëte
, 2 vols (Paris, 1826), pp. 45–6; Roger Hahn,
Pierre Simon Laplace 1749–1827: A Determined Scientist
(Cambridge, Mass., 2005), pp. 128–30). All the other ministers were, for the moment, kept in place: Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès remained as minister of justice; Charles-Frédéric Reinhard was maintained as minister for foreign affairs; Fouché was maintained as minister of police; while Marc-Antoine Bourdon Vatry was kept in the navy. It was not then a radical departure from the Directory, not at this stage at least.
46
.
Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe,
Théorie constitutionnelle de Sieyès: Constitution de l’an VIII
(Paris, 1836), pp. 3–4.
47
.
Boulay de la Meurthe,
Théorie constitutionnelle
, pp. 46, 48; Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. pp. 493–501. On the various drafts see Jean-Denis Bredin,
Sieyès: la clé de la Révolution française
(Paris, 1988), pp. 466–84. On the Constitution of the Year VIII see Andrew Jainchill,
Reimagining Politics after the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism
(Ithaca, 2008), pp. 223–42; Paolo Colombo, ‘La question du pouvoir exécutif dans l’évolution institutionnelle et le débat politique révolutionnaire’,
Annales historiques de la Révolution française
, 319 (2000), 1–26. On the idea of a Grand Elector see Maurice Gauchet,
La révolution des pouvoirs: la souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation, 1789–1799
(Paris, 1995), pp. 219–23.
48
.
Pierre-Louis Roederer,
Oeuvres du comte de P.-L. Roederer
, 8 vols (Paris, 1853–9), iii.p. 303; Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. pp. 502–3; Bastid,
Sieyès
, pp. 254–5.
49
.
See
Corr.
xxx. pp. 344–5; Joseph Fouché,
Mémoires de Joseph Fouché, duc d’Otrant
, 2 vols (Paris, 1824), i. pp. 161–2 (on the reliability of Fouché’s memoirs see Jean Tulard,
Joseph Fouché
(Paris, 1998), pp. 429–36); Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau,
Mémoires sur le Consulat, 1799 à 1804
(Paris, 1827), p. 270; Gueniffey,
Le Dix-huit Brumaire
, p. 339; Woloch,
Napoleon and his Collaborators
, pp. 28–31.
50
.
Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. p. 504.
51
.
See Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. pp. 502–26; Gueniffey,
Le Dix-huit Brumaire
, pp. 334–43; Woloch,
Napoleon and his Collaborators
, pp. 28–35; Lentz,
Grand Consulat
, pp. 103–6.
52
.
Fouché,
Mémoires
, i. p. 165.
53
.
For example, Fouché,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 165–6.
54
.
Jean-Antoine Chaptal,
Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon
(Paris, 1893), p. 333.
55
.
The phrase was used in Cabanis,
Quelques Considérations
, p. 27.
56
.
For the Senate see Jean Thiry,
Le Sénat de Napoleon: 1800–1814
(Paris, 1949), pp. 39–50.
57
.
Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Conservatism under Napoleon: The Political Writings of Joseph Fiévée’,
History of European Ideas
, 5 (1984), 387–8.
58
.
Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. p. 523. The scene is recounted by Louis-Marie Larevellière-Lépeaux,
Mémoires de Larevellière-Lépeaux, membre du Directoire exécutif de la République française
, 3 vols (Paris, 1895), ii. pp. 420–6. Larevellière-Lépeaux was not present but he was told by Daunou and Cambacérès. Alphonse-Honoré Taillandier,
Documents biographiques sur P.-C.-F. Daunou
(Paris, 1841), pp. 114–15.
59
.
Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. p. 43; Bredin,
Sieyès
, pp. 484–5.
60
.
The newspapers were consequently able to write that the vote had taken place ‘by acclamation, without voting, and unanimously’ (Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. p. 523).
61
.
Sieyès was named president of the Senate for one year where he could have become the leader of an active opposition movement. Instead, he virtually ceased to count as a political entity. Bonaparte gave Sieyès contested nationalized land near Versailles, which he never occupied but which seems to have damaged his reputation even further.
62
.
Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, i. p. 523.
63
.
Johann Friedrich Reichardt,
Un hiver à Paris sous le Consulat, 1802–1803
(Paris, 1896), p. 134.
64
.
Louis-Mathieu Molé,
Le Comte Molé, 1781–1855: sa vie, ses mémoires
, 6 vols (Paris, 1922–30), i. pp. 70, 193.
65
.
That neglect has in part been rectified by Woloch,
Napolon and his Collaborators
, esp. pp. 120–55; and Laurence Chatel de Brancion,
Cambacérès: maître d’oeuvre de Napoléon
(Paris, 2001).
66
.
Cited in André Cabanis,
Le sacre de Napoléon
(Paris, 1970), p. 40.
67
.
Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, ii. pp. 46–7; Irene Collins,
Napoleon and his Parliaments: 1800–1815
(London, 1979), pp. 28–46.
68
.
Moniteur universel
, 14 nivôse an VIII (5 January 1800); Honoré Duveyrier,
Anecdotes historiques
(Paris, 1907), pp. 312–20, has a different version of events. See Léon de Lanzac de Laborie,
Paris sous Napoléon
, 8 vols (Paris, 1905–13), i. pp. 177–8; Frédéric Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, 13 vols (Paris, 1897–1919), i. p. 305.
69
.
Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, ii. pp. 48–55; Kurt Kloocke,
Benjamin Constant: une biographie intellectuelle
(Geneva, 1984), p. 96.
70
.
Jainchill,
Reimagining Politics
, pp. 198–9.
71
.
Gazette de France
, 12 January 1800 (22 nivôse an VIII);
La Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique
, 20 nivôse an VIII (20 January 1800); Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. pp. 79–80, 84, 87; Vandal,
L’avènement de Bonaparte
, ii. pp. 54–5; Louis de Villefosse and Janine Bouissounouse,
L’opposition à Napoléon
(Paris, 1969), pp. 116–17.
72
.
P.M., ‘Un document sur l’histoire de la presse: la préparation de l’arrêté du 27 nivôse an VIII’,
La Révolution française
, 44 (January–June 1903), 78–82; André Cabanis,
La Presse sous le Consulat et l’Empire
(Paris, 1975), pp. 12–14.
73
.
P.-J.-B. Buchez and P.-C. Roux,
Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française, ou Journal des assemblées nationales depuis 1789 jusqu’en 1815
, 40 vols (Paris, 1834–8), xxxviii. pp. 331–2.
74
.
Cabanis,
La presse
, pp. 11–41, 69–71; ‘Introduction’, in Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows (eds),
Press, Politics and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760–1820
(Cambridge, 2002), p. 16; Henri Welschinger,
La censure sous le Premier Empire, avec documents inédits
(Paris, 1882), p. 119.

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