Citizen Emperor (122 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 45 . | Louis-Alexandre Berthier was named minister of war, replacing Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé, who had refused to take part in the coup (Victor-Bernard Derrécagaix, Le maréchal Berthier, prince de Wagram et de Neuchâtel , 2 vols (Paris, 1904, reprinted 2002), i. pp. 370–5). Having a faithful ally in this position was a not so subtle means of controlling the army, assuming Bonaparte could purge it of hostile elements, but Berthier was also a competent administrator. The only other new ministers were Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin in finance (for Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet, who refused office), and Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace, a member of the Institute, who was made minister of the interior as a sop to the Ideologues who had supported the coup (Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, Mémoires, souvenirs, opinions et écrits du Duc de Gaëte , 2 vols (Paris, 1826), pp. 45–6; Roger Hahn, Pierre Simon Laplace 1749–1827: A Determined Scientist (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), pp. 128–30). All the other ministers were, for the moment, kept in place: Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès remained as minister of justice; Charles-Frédéric Reinhard was maintained as minister for foreign affairs; Fouché was maintained as minister of police; while Marc-Antoine Bourdon Vatry was kept in the navy. It was not then a radical departure from the Directory, not at this stage at least. |
| 46 . | Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe, Théorie constitutionnelle de Sieyès: Constitution de l’an VIII (Paris, 1836), pp. 3–4. |
| 47 . | Boulay de la Meurthe, Théorie constitutionnelle , pp. 46, 48; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 493–501. On the various drafts see Jean-Denis Bredin, Sieyès: la clé de la Révolution française (Paris, 1988), pp. 466–84. On the Constitution of the Year VIII see Andrew Jainchill, Reimagining Politics after the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 223–42; Paolo Colombo, ‘La question du pouvoir exécutif dans l’évolution institutionnelle et le débat politique révolutionnaire’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 319 (2000), 1–26. On the idea of a Grand Elector see Maurice Gauchet, La révolution des pouvoirs: la souveraineté, le peuple et la représentation, 1789–1799 (Paris, 1995), pp. 219–23. |
| 48 . | Pierre-Louis Roederer, Oeuvres du comte de P.-L. Roederer , 8 vols (Paris, 1853–9), iii.p. 303; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 502–3; Bastid, Sieyès , pp. 254–5. |
| 49 . | See Corr. xxx. pp. 344–5; Joseph Fouché, Mémoires de Joseph Fouché, duc d’Otrant , 2 vols (Paris, 1824), i. pp. 161–2 (on the reliability of Fouché’s memoirs see Jean Tulard, Joseph Fouché (Paris, 1998), pp. 429–36); Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau, Mémoires sur le Consulat, 1799 à 1804 (Paris, 1827), p. 270; Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , p. 339; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 28–31. |
| 50 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 504. |
| 51 . | See Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 502–26; Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , pp. 334–43; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 28–35; Lentz, Grand Consulat , pp. 103–6. |
| 52 . | Fouché, Mémoires , i. p. 165. |
| 53 . | For example, Fouché, Mémoires , i. pp. 165–6. |
| 54 . | Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon (Paris, 1893), p. 333. |
| 55 . | The phrase was used in Cabanis, Quelques Considérations , p. 27. |
| 56 . | For the Senate see Jean Thiry, Le Sénat de Napoleon: 1800–1814 (Paris, 1949), pp. 39–50. |
| 57 . | Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Conservatism under Napoleon: The Political Writings of Joseph Fiévée’, History of European Ideas , 5 (1984), 387–8. |
| 58 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 523. The scene is recounted by Louis-Marie Larevellière-Lépeaux, Mémoires de Larevellière-Lépeaux, membre du Directoire exécutif de la République française , 3 vols (Paris, 1895), ii. pp. 420–6. Larevellière-Lépeaux was not present but he was told by Daunou and Cambacérès. Alphonse-Honoré Taillandier, Documents biographiques sur P.-C.-F. Daunou (Paris, 1841), pp. 114–15. |
| 59 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 43; Bredin, Sieyès , pp. 484–5. |
| 60 . | The newspapers were consequently able to write that the vote had taken place ‘by acclamation, without voting, and unanimously’ (Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 523). |
| 61 . | Sieyès was named president of the Senate for one year where he could have become the leader of an active opposition movement. Instead, he virtually ceased to count as a political entity. Bonaparte gave Sieyès contested nationalized land near Versailles, which he never occupied but which seems to have damaged his reputation even further. |
| 62 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 523. |
| 63 . | Johann Friedrich Reichardt, Un hiver à Paris sous le Consulat, 1802–1803 (Paris, 1896), p. 134. |
| 64 . | Louis-Mathieu Molé, Le Comte Molé, 1781–1855: sa vie, ses mémoires , 6 vols (Paris, 1922–30), i. pp. 70, 193. |
| 65 . | That neglect has in part been rectified by Woloch, Napolon and his Collaborators , esp. pp. 120–55; and Laurence Chatel de Brancion, Cambacérès: maître d’oeuvre de Napoléon (Paris, 2001). |
| 66 . | Cited in André Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon (Paris, 1970), p. 40. |
| 67 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 46–7; Irene Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments: 1800–1815 (London, 1979), pp. 28–46. |
| 68 . | Moniteur universel , 14 nivôse an VIII (5 January 1800); Honoré Duveyrier, Anecdotes historiques (Paris, 1907), pp. 312–20, has a different version of events. See Léon de Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , 8 vols (Paris, 1905–13), i. pp. 177–8; Frédéric Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , 13 vols (Paris, 1897–1919), i. p. 305. |
| 69 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 48–55; Kurt Kloocke, Benjamin Constant: une biographie intellectuelle (Geneva, 1984), p. 96. |
| 70 . | Jainchill, Reimagining Politics , pp. 198–9. |
| 71 . | Gazette de France , 12 January 1800 (22 nivôse an VIII); La Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique , 20 nivôse an VIII (20 January 1800); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 79–80, 84, 87; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 54–5; Louis de Villefosse and Janine Bouissounouse, L’opposition à Napoléon (Paris, 1969), pp. 116–17. |
| 72 . | P.M., ‘Un document sur l’histoire de la presse: la préparation de l’arrêté du 27 nivôse an VIII’, La Révolution française , 44 (January–June 1903), 78–82; André Cabanis, La Presse sous le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris, 1975), pp. 12–14. |
| 73 . | P.-J.-B. Buchez and P.-C. Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution française, ou Journal des assemblées nationales depuis 1789 jusqu’en 1815 , 40 vols (Paris, 1834–8), xxxviii. pp. 331–2. |
| 74 . | Cabanis, La presse , pp. 11–41, 69–71; ‘Introduction’, in Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows (eds), Press, Politics and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760–1820 (Cambridge, 2002), p. 16; Henri Welschinger, La censure sous le Premier Empire, avec documents inédits (Paris, 1882), p. 119. |
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