Citizen Emperor (123 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 75 . | Michael Marrinan, ‘Literal/Literary/“Lexie”: History, Text, and Authority in Napoleonic Painting’, Word & Image , 7:3 (1991), 178–9; Fernand Mitton, La presse française (Paris, 1945), ii. pp. 210–11; Simon Burrows, ‘The Cosmopolitan Press, 1759–1815’, in Barker and Burrows (eds), Press, Politics and the Public Sphere , p. 38; Simon Burrows, ‘The War of Words: French and British Propaganda in the Napoleonic Era’, in David Cannadine (ed.), Trafalgar in History: A Battle and its Afterlife (Basingstoke, 2006), p. 48. |
| 76 . | Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789–1799 (Durham, 1990), pp. 151–62; Michel Biard, Parlez-vous sans-culotte?: dictionnaire du ‘Père Duchesne’, 1790–1794 (Paris, 2009), pp. 285–6. |
| 77 . | Hugh Gough, The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution (London, 1988), pp. 141–59; Popkin, Revolutionary News , pp. 169–79. |
| 78 . | P.M., ‘Un document sur l’histoire de la presse’, 78, 79, 80. |
| 79 . | Michael Polowetzky, A Bond Never Broken: The Relations between Napoleon and the Authors of France (Rutherford, 1993), pp. 71–2. |
| 80 . | See, for example, Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits: éclaircissements publiés par Cambacérès sur les principaux événements de sa vie politique , 2 vols (Paris, 1999), i. p. 480; Cabanis, La presse , p. 87. |
| 81 . | Thibaudeau, Mémoires sur le Consulat , p. 267; John Holland Rose, ‘The Censorship under Napoleon I’, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law , 18:1 (1918), 62. |
| 82 . | A. Périvier, Napoléon journaliste (Paris, 1918), p. 105, speaks of the ‘total enslavement’ of the press. See also Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (Harlow, 1997), pp. 168–9; Felix Markham, Napoleon (London, 1963), p. 86; Jeremy D. Popkin, The Right-Wing Press in France, 1792–1800 (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 170–2. The exception is Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Biography (New York, 2004), pp. 312–13. |
| 83 . | Jean-Luc Chappey, ‘Pierre-Louis Roederer et la presse sous le Directoire et le Consulat: l’opinion publique et les enjeux d’une politique éditoriale’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 334 (2003), 19. |
| 84 . | See Dennis A. Trinkle, The Napoleonic Press: The Public Sphere and Oppositionary Journalism (Lewiston, 2002), pp. 1–4. |
| 85 . | Jainchill, Reimagining Politics , p. 263; Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi, Recherches sur les constitutions des peuples libres , ed. with an introduction by Marco Minerbi (Geneva, 1965). To cite but one example, in October 1800, after a Jacobin assassination plot against Napoleon had been uncovered, a song circulated that insulted Bonaparte and his whole family. AN F7 3702, 22 vendémiaire an IX (14 October 1800); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 715. |
| 86 . | Corr. vi. n. 4422 (15 December 1799). A second proclamation was issued ten days later, Corr. vi. n. 4447 (25 December), and was drawn up by Pierre-Louis Roederer. It states that the new regime’s two primary goals were, first, to consolidate the Republic and, second, to make France formidable to its enemies. Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. pp. 328–30. |
| 87 . | Claude Nicolet, La fabrique d’une nation: la France entre Rome et les Germains (Paris, 2003), p. 143. |
| 88 . | Entretien politique sur la situation actuelle de la France et sur les plans du nouveau gouvernement . Translation in Marc-Antoine Jullien, From Jacobin to Liberal: Marc-Antoine Jullien, 1775–1848 , ed. and trans. R. R. Palmer (Princeton, 1993), pp. 94–100 (December 1799), here p. 95. |
| 89 . | See, for example, the account written one year after Brumaire of a France on the brink of collapse in the opening passages of Pierre-Louis Roederer, La Première année du Consulat de Bonaparte (n.p., n.d.). |
| 90 . | For the following see Jérémie Benoît, ‘La peinture allégorique sous le Consulat: structure et politique’, Gazette des Beaux-Arts , 121 (1993), 78–9; Marc Sandoz, Antoine-François-Callet: 1741–1823 (Paris, 1985), p. 123. |
| 91 . | After 1802, when the Consulate for life was proclaimed, there were no longer any references to the people in the paintings commanded by the state. |
| 92 . | Victor de Broglie (ed.), Souvenirs, 1785–1870 , 4 vols (Paris, 1886), i. pp. 31–2; Roguet, Mémoires , ii. p. 418. |
| 93 . | The same can be said for the other Napoleonic plebiscites. See Josiane Bourguet-Rouveyre, ‘La survivance d’un système électorale sous le Consulat et l’Empire’, Annales historique de la Révolution française , 346 (2006), 17–29. |
| 94 . | Malcolm Crook, Elections in the French Revolution: An Apprenticeship in Democracy,1789–1799 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 191. |
| 95 . | For this and the following see Malcolm Crook, ‘Les réactions autour de Brumaire à travers le plébiscite de l’an VIII’, in Jean-Pierre Jessenne (ed.), Du Directoire au Consulat , 3 vols (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 2001), iii. pp. 323–31. |
| 96 . | Jeff Horn, ‘Le plébiscite de l’an VIII et la construction du système préfectoral’, in Jessenne (ed.), Du Directoire au Consulat , iii. pp. 552–3. |
| 97 . | Jean Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe du sauveur (Paris, 1977), p. 131. |
| 98 . | Claude Langlois, ‘Le plébiscite de l’an VIII ou le coup d’état du 18 pluviôse an VIII’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 44 (1972), 43–65, 231–6 and 390–415; Claude Langlois, ‘Napoléon Bonaparte plébiscité?’, in Léo Hamon and Guy Lobrichon (eds), L’élection du chef de l’état en France de Hugues Capet à nos jours (Paris, 1988), pp. 90–1; Malcolm Crook, ‘Confiance d’en bas, manipulation d’en haut: la pratique plébiscitaire sous Napoléon (1799–1815)’, in Philippe Bourdin et al. (eds), L’incident électoral de la Révolution française à la Ve République (Clermont-Ferrand, 2002), pp. 77–87. |
| 99 . | Michel Vovelle, La Révolution française: 1789–1799 (Paris, 1998), pp. 83–4. |
100
. Langlois, ‘Le plébiscite de l’an VIII’, 43–65, 231–46, 390–415, here 241–3. The official figures were 3,011,007 ‘yes’ votes and 1,562 ‘no’ votes.
101
. Other meetings took place the following year with Georges Cadoudal, and comtes de Bourmont, Châtillon and d’Autichamp. See
Corr.
vi. n. 4639 (5 March 1800). We shall come across Cadoudal a little further on.
102
. According to Jean-Guillaume Hyde de Neuville,
Mémoires et souvenirs du baron Hyde de Neuville
, 3 vols (Paris, 1888), i. pp. 268–75.
103
.
Corr.
vi. n. 4473 (28 December 1799).
104
.
Corr.
vi. n. 4506 (11 January 1800).
105
. Brown, ‘Echoes of the Terror’, 550; Howard G. Brown, ‘Special Tribunals and the Napoleonic Security State’, in Philip Dwyer and Alan Forrest (eds),
Napoleon and his Empire: Europe, 1804–1814
(Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 79–95.
106
.
Corr.
vi. n. 4603 (18 February 1800); Hyde de Neuville,
Mémoires et souvenirs
, i. pp. 299–302; Léon de La Sicotière,
Louis de Frotté et les insurrections normandes, 1793–1832
(Paris, 1889), pp. 467–542; Villefosse and Bouissounouse,
L’opposition à Napoléon
, pp. 128–30; Brown,
Ending the French Revolution
, pp. 264–5.
107
. Cabanis,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 54.
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