Citizen Emperor (126 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 67 . | Lucien Lathion, Bonaparte et ses soldats au Grand-Saint-Bernard (Neuchatel, 1978), p. 44. |
| 68 . | According to Paul Charles François Adrien Henri Dieudonné, baron Thiébault, Mémoires du général Bon Thiébault , 5 vols (Paris, 1893–5), iii. p. 73. This is not, however, what Thiébault wrote earlier in his career. In his Journal des opérations militaires du siège et du blocus de Gênes (Paris, an IX), pp. 50–1, he credited Bonaparte with the plan. See also Corr. vi. n. 4738 (27 April 1800); Lathion, Bonaparte et ses soldats , pp. 15, 27. |
| 69 . | R. J. Knecht, Francis I (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 42, 164–5. |
| 70 . | Jérémie Benoît and Bernard Chevalier (eds), Marengo: une victoire politique (Paris, 2000), pp. 110–11. |
| 71 . | Yuval Noah Harari, The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000 (Basingstoke and New York, 2008), pp. 210–11. |
| 72 . | Corr. vi. n. 4812 (18 May 1800). |
| 73 . | Corr. vi. n. 4811 (18 May 1800); Lathion, Bonaparte et ses soldats , pp. 9–10. |
| 74 . | Chantal de Tourtier-Bonazzi, Lettres d’amour à Joséphine (Paris, 1981), p. 150 (18 May 1800). Antoine-Augustin-Flavien Pion des Loches, Mes campagnes, 1792–1815: notes et correspondance du colonel d’artillerie Pion des Loches (Paris, 1889), p. 75, described the Saint-Bernard as a ‘magnificent horror’, but insisted that the crossing was not dangerous. |
| 75 . | Corr. vi. n. 4846 (24 May 1800); Lubin Griois, Mémoires du général Griois: 1792–1822 ,2 vols (Paris, 1909), i. pp. 120–2. |
| 76 . | Allain Bernède, ‘Autopsie d’une bataille: Marengo, 14 juin 1800’, Revue historique des armées , 181 (1990), 35. On paper, a demi-brigade would be made up of 2,437 men. The demi-brigade was later replaced by the regiment. |
| 77 . | Bernède, ‘Autopsie d’une bataille’, 35; Derrécagaix, Le maréchal Berthier , i. pp. 384–400. |
| 78 . | Corr. vi. n. 4836 (24 May 1800). |
| 79 . | Tourtier-Bonazzi, Lettres d’amour à Joséphine , pp. 151–2 (29 May 1800). |
| 80 . | Joseph Petit, Marengo, ou Campagne d’Italie, par l’armée de réserve, commandé par le général Bonaparte (Paris, an IX), pp. 30–3, wrote about ‘the hero who commanded us’ being enthusiastically received in the main square of the city, the Piazza del Duomo, by a large crowd. The journal of Commandant Brossier, cited in Cugnac, Campagne de l’Armée de Réserve en 1800 , ii. pp. 42, 85–6, written after the campaign, states that the people of Piedmont, and especially those of Vercelli, about halfway between Turin and Milan, received the French with ‘enthusiasm’, and that they were received in Milan amid ‘general rejoicing’. These accounts are possibly exaggerated. A letter from Pétiet to the municipal officers of Milan (2 June 1800) complains of the ‘indifference’ and often the ‘contempt’ ( mépris ) with which the French were received. |
| 81 . | According to James R. Arnold, Marengo and Hohenlinden: Napoleon’s Rise to Power (Barnsley, 2005), p. 108. |
| 82 . | Bourrienne, Mémoires , iv. pp. 110–11. |
| 83 . | Corr. vi. n. 4887 (6 June 1800). |
| 84 . | Frédéric Masson, Napoléon et les femmes (Paris, 1894), pp. 84–6. |
| 85 . | Geoffrey Ellis, ‘A Historian’s Critique of the Screenplay’, in Alison Castle (ed.), Kubrick’s Napoleon : The Greatest Movie Never Made (Paris, 2011), p. 242. |
| 86 . | Tourtier-Bonazzi, Lettres d’amour à Joséphine , pp. 147, 148 (11 and 13 May 1800). |
| 87 . | Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Bonapartism, 1800–1815 , 2 vols (Chicago, 1990), ii. pp. 39–42; Jean-Etienne Delécluze, Louis David , son école et son temps: souvenirs (Paris, 1855), p. 233. |
| 88 . | Antoine Schnapper and Arlette Sérullaz (eds), Jacques-Louis David 1748–1825 (Paris, 1989), pp. 381–6; Dorothy Johnson, Jacques-Louis David: Art in Metamorphosis (Princeton, 1993), pp. 179–83; Alain Pillepich, ‘Un tableau célèbre replacé dans son contexte: Bonaparte franchissant les Alpes au Grand-Saint-Bernard de David’, Revista Napoleonica , 1–2 (2000), 77–9. |
| 89 . | Journal des arts, des sciences, et de littérature , 30 fructidor an IX (17 September 1801), x, n. 156, 419–26; Richard Wrigley, The Origins of French Art Criticism: From the Ancien Régime to the Restoration (Oxford, 1993), p. 336. Joseph took the painting with him when he left Spain and later brought it to the United States (Pillepich, ‘Un tableau célèbre replacé dans son contexte’, 78). |
| 90 . | See Schnapper and Sérullaz (eds), Jacques-Louis David 1748–1825 , pp. 381–6. The other versions can today be seen at Versailles, Charlottenburg and Vienna. |
| 91 . | The Journal des arts, des sciences, et de littérature commented that it suffered from excessive abstraction, idealizing Bonaparte out of recognition (Christopher Prendergast, Napoleon and History Painting: Antoine-Jean Gros’s La Bataille d’Eylau (Oxford, 1997), p. 110). |
| 92 . | See Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 133–4. |
| 93 . | Peter Burke, Eyewitnessing: The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence (London, 2001), p. 61. |
| 94 . | Prendergast, Napoleon and History Painting , p. 188. |
| 95 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 397; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 329, 416–17. |
| 96 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 417–18. |
| 97 . | AN F7 3701, Minutes des bulletins quotidiens de police, 21 priairal an VIII (10 June 1800). |
3: Italy and the Consolidation of Power
| 1 . | Bourrienne, Mémoires , iv. pp. 85–7. |
| 2 . | Hermann Hüffer, Die Schlacht von Marengo und der italienische Feldzug des Jahres 1800 , 3 vols (Leipzig, 1900), ii. pp. 302–3. A good description of the battle of Marengo can be found in Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 286–98. |
| 3 . | Cugnac, Campagne de l’Armée de Réserve en 1800 , ii. p. 340. |
| 4 . | Figures in Bruno Ciotti, ‘La dernière campagne de Desaix’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 324 (2001), 86–7. |
| 5 . | Hüffer, Die Schlacht von Marengo , ii. pp. 309–12. |
| 6 . | Cugnac, Campagne de l’Armée de Réserve en 1800 , ii. pp. 395–6. |
| 7 . | ‘Mémoires du general Danican’, in La bataille de Marengo et ses préliminaires racontés par quatre témoins (Paris, 1999), p. 139. |
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