Citizen Emperor (128 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 49 . | Hyde de Neuville, Mémoires et souvenirs , i. p. 328. Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , p. 305, argues that Marengo placed Bonaparte at the centre of the state and enabled him to appear as the guarantor of stability for the regime. |
| 50 . | Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , p. 319. |
| 51 . | Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution , esp. ch. 2. |
| 52 . | Paul Marmottan, ‘Lucien, ministre de l’intérieur et les arts’, Revue des études napoléoniennes , 25 (1925), 26–30; Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , pp. 315–20; Norbert Savariau, Louis de Fontanes: belles-lettres et enseignement de la fin de l’Ancien Régime à l’Empire (Oxford, 2002), pp. 265–7; Jean-Pierre Bois, Histoire des 14 Juillet, 1789–1919 (Rennes, 1991), pp. 87–90; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 46–7, 48–50, 52. For the festival in the provinces see Christian Pfister, Les Fêtes à Nancy sous le Consulat et le Premier Empire (1799–1813) (Nancy, 1914), pp. 20–41. |
| 53 . | Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , pp. 319, 320. |
| 54 . | The programme of the anniversary of 14 July, as well as the speech given that day by Lucien Bonaparte as minister of the interior, can be found in Anniversaire du 14 juillet, fête de la Concorde: Programme (Paris, messidor an VIII). Fontanes composed a ‘Chant du 14 July’ to which Méhul put the music. |
| 55 . | Corr. vi. n. 4938 (21 June 1800), n. 4940 (22 June 1800). |
| 56 . | Lucien Bonaparte, Ministère de l’Intérieur. Courses dans le Champ-de-Mars (Paris, messidor an VIII). |
| 57 . | Journal des hommes libres , 26 messidor an VIII (15 July 1800); Moniteur universel , 27 prairial an VIII (16 June 1800). |
| 58 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 444–9. |
| 59 . | The project was never carried out (Franck Folliot, ‘Des colonnes pour les héros’, in Les architectes de la Liberté: 1789–1799 (Paris, 1989), pp. 305–22; Jean-Marcel Humbert, ‘Entre mythe et archéologie: la fortune statuaire égyptisante de Desaix et Kléber’, in Jackie Pigeaud and Jean-Paul Barbe (eds), Le culte des grands hommes au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1998), pp. 219–32). Extracts of Lucien’s speech were published in the Mercure de France , 1 thermidor an VIII (20 July 1800), pp. 228–36. |
| 60 . | Mercure de France , 1 thermidor an VIII (20 July 1800). |
| 61 . | Adresse aux français sur le Quatorze juillet (n.p., n.d.), p. 6. |
| 62 . | Adresse aux français sur le Quatorze juillet , p. 8. |
| 63 . | See, for example, Journal de Paris , 27 messidor an VIII (16 July 1800). |
| 64 . | Journal des Débats , 28 messidor an VIII (17 July 1800); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 514. And for other descriptions of crowd reactions see Journal de Paris , 27 messidor an VIII (16 July 1800); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 513–14. |
| 65 . | La Clef du cabinet des souverains , 26 messidor an VIII (15 July 1800). |
| 66 . | According to the marquise de la Tour du Pin, Journal d’une femme de cinquante ans: 1778–1815 , 2 vols (Paris, 1913), ii. pp. 220–1, the celebrations on the Champ de Mars that 14 July elicited ‘very few signs of joy’. That assertion, however, has to be taken with a grain of salt since the marquise was a royalist whose dislike of the Revolution was patent. |
| 67 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. p. 102. |
| 68 . | La Clef du cabinet des souverains , 27 messidor an VIII (16 July 1800); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 667–8. |
| 69 . | Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , p. 305. |
| 70 . | On the public honours given to revolutionary generals see Joseph Clarke, Commemorating the Dead in Revolutionary France: Revolution and Remembrance, 1789–1799 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 243–7, who argues that ‘revolutionary culture as a whole had always contained a marked military dimension’; Bernard Gainot, ‘Le dernier voyage: rites ambulatoires et rites conjuratoires dans les cérémonies funéraires en l’honneur des généraux révolutionnaires’, in Philippe Bourdin, Mathias Bernard and Jean-Claude Caron (eds), La voix & le geste: une approche culturelle de la violence socio-politique (Clermont-Ferrand, 2005), pp. 97–113. |
| 71 . | Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , pp. 307–8, and on the eulogies to Desaix, pp. 310–15. |
| 72 . | Marie-Louise Biver, Le Paris de Napoléon (Paris, 1963), pp. 151–61. |
| 73 . | This is in Jean-Roche Coignet, The Note-Books of Captain Coignet: Soldier of the Empire, 1776–1850 (London, 1998), p. 77. Also Louis-François, baron Lejeune, Souvenirs d’un officier de l’Empire , 2 vols (Toulouse, 1851), i. pp. 55–6; Montaglas, Historique du 12e chasseurs à cheval , pp. 78–82; Victor-François Perrin, duc de Bellune, ‘Mémoires inédits de feu M. le maréchal duc de Bellune: Campagne de l’Armée de Réserve, en l’an VIII’, Spectateur militaire , xli (1846), 121–204. |
| 74 . | Thiébault, Mémoires , ii. p. 6. |
| 75 . | According to Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution , p. 305. |
| 76 . | Albert Soboul, ‘Le héro et l’histoire’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 42 (1970), 1–7. |
| 77 . | Blanning, Pursuit of Glory , p. 652. A sentiment echoed by a number of historians, including François Furet, Revolutionary France, 1770–1880 , trans. Antonia Nevill (Oxford, 1992), p. 218, who describes it as ‘the true coronation of his power and his regime’; and Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , p. 46, who describes Marengo, after Brumaire, as the ‘essential moment in the establishment of Bonaparte’s power’. |
| 78 . | Natalie Petiteau, ‘Marengo, histoire et mythologie’, in Messiez and Sorel (eds), La deuxième campagne d’Italie , pp. 209–20; Jacques Garnier, ‘Marengo’, in Jean Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon (Paris, 1989), p. 1137. |
| 79 . | Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. pp. 94–5; Louis-Henry Lecomte, Napoléon et l’Empire racontés par le théâtre, 1797–1899 (Paris, 1900), pp. 55–6. A number of other plays appeared about the same time, among them: Bientôt la paix, ou la Voiture cassée (Soon peace. or The broken carriage) at the Cité-Variétés; La Pièce curieuse, ou Petit tableau d’un grand evenement (The curious play, or The small tableau of a great event) at the Vaudeville; and Paris illuminé, ou le Retour de Marengo (Paris illuminated, or The return from Marengo) (9 July 1800) at the Gaîté. |
| 80 . | Gruyer to Berdot, 1 prairial an VIII (18 June 1800), ‘Un récit de la bataille de Marengo’, Le carnet historique et littéraire , ii (1898), 878. |
| 81 . | According to Chandler, ‘“To Lie Like a Bulletin”’, 38, the bulletin was written by General Pierre Dupont de l’Etang, serving as chief of staff to Berthier, nominally in command of the Army of the Reserve. On the bulletins see Joseph J. Mathews, ‘Napoleon’s Military Bulletins’, Journal of Modern History , 22:2 (1950), 137–4; Cabanis, La presse , pp. 271–4; Robert B. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda (Baton Rouge, 1950), pp. 92–6; David p. Jordan, Napoleon and the Revolution (Basingstoke, 2012), pp. 144–8. |
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