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116
. Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. p. 722; Lanzac de Laborie,
Paris sous Napoléon
, i. p. 121.
 
117
. Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. pp. 696, 700–1; Bernard Gainot, ‘Un itinéraire démocratique post-thermidorien: Bernard Metge’, in Christine Le Bozec and Eric Wauters (eds),
Pour la Révolution française
(Rouen, 1998), pp. 93–106.
 
118
. Cited in Anita Brookner,
Jacques-Louis David
(London, 1980), p. 146.
 
119
. Lentz,
Grand Consulat
, p. 256.
 
120
. Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. pp. 729, 730, 732.
 
121
. Pierre-Louis Roederer,
Autour de Bonaparte: journal du Cte P.-L. Roederer, ministre et conseiller d’état, notes intimes et politiques d’un familier des Tuileries
(Paris, 1909), p. 50; Girardin,
Mémoires, journal et souvenirs
, i. p. 197. The pamphlet is reprinted in Iung (ed.),
Lucien Bonaparte
, i. pp. 421–32. On the connections between Fontanes and Lucien see Guy-Edouard Pillard,
Louis Fontanes, 1757–1821: prince de l’esprit
(Maulévrier, 1990), pp. 150–2, 158–9. It is often said that it was distributed to all the prefects and indeed to all public functionaries by the ministry of the interior – some contemporary memoirs say that it was and that it caused a ‘grande sensation’ (Claude Fauriel,
Les derniers jours du Consulat
(Paris, 1886), p. 10), although there is some doubt as to whether it was distributed at all and whether it was suppressed by Fouché before it got to the public (Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, i. p. 317).
 
122
. The military and political leader of the Franks who stopped the western advance of the Arabs at Poitiers in 732.
 
123
. Nicolet,
La fabrique d’une nation
, p. 144.
 
124
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 318–19; Pierre-Louis Roederer,
Mémoires sur la Révolution, le Consulat et l’Empire
(Paris, 1942), p. 154.
 
125
. According to Lentz,
Grand Consulat
, p. 267, but I have not found any of these complaints in the archives.
 
126
. Savinel,
Moreau
, p. 92; Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 338–9.
 
127
. Bourrienne,
Mémoires
, iii. p. 315.
 
128
. Roederer,
Oeuvres
, iii. p. 353.
 
129
. Lentz,
Grand Consulat
, p. 267.
 
130
. Roederer,
Mémoires
, pp. 148–54.
 
131
. Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. pp. 770–1, 783; Roederer,
Mémoires
, p. 154; Iung (ed.),
Lucien Bonaparte
, i. p. 432. Girardin,
Mémoires, journal et souvenirs
, i. p. 195, describes how upset Bonaparte looked that evening after a discussion with Lucien.
 
132
. Roederer,
Autour de Bonaparte
, p. 41.
 
133
. Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, i. pp. 354–9.
 
134
. Girardin,
Mémoires, journal et souvenirs
, i. p. 192; Iung (ed.),
Lucien Bonaparte
, ii. pp. 50–2.
 
135
. Lentz,
Grand Consulat
, p. 268.
 
136
. Paul Mansfield, ‘The Repression of Lyon, 1793–94: Origins, Responsibility and Significance’,
French History
, 2 (1988), 74–101.
 

4: Peace

1
.
Moniteur universel
, 5 and 6 nivôse an IX (26 and 27 December 1800); Arnaud-Louis-Raoul de Martel,
Etude sur l’affaire de la machine infernale du 3 nivôse an IX
(Paris, 1870); Thibaudeau,
Mémoires sur le Consulat
, pp. 23–63; Gaubert,
Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon
, pp. 72–121; Thiry,
La machine infernale
, pp. 154–92; Jean Lorédan,
La machine infernale de la rue Nicaise (3 nivôse, an IX
) (Paris, 1924); Villefosse and Bouissounouse,
L’opposition à Napoléon
, pp. 150–9; Sydenham, ‘The Crime of 3 Nivôse’, pp. 295–320; Sparrow,
Secret Service
, pp. 217–22; Boscher,
Histoire de la repression
, pp. 130–40; Karine Salomé, ‘L’attentat de la rue Nicaise en 1800: l’irruption d’une violence inédite?’,
Revue d’histoire du XIXe siècle
, 40 (2010), 59–75.
2
.
Jacques Marquet de Montbreton de Norvins,
Souvenirs d’un historien de Napoléon: mémorial de J. de Norvins
, 3 vols (Paris, 1896), ii. p. 271.
3
.
Norvins,
Souvenirs
, ii. p. 272; Thibaudeau,
Mémoires sur le Consulat
, p. 24.
4
.
Hortense de Beauharnais,
The Memoirs of Queen Hortense
, trans. Arthur K. Griggs and F. Mabel Robinson, 2 vols (London, 1928), i. pp. 62–3.
5
.
Alissan de Chazet,
Mémoires, souvenirs, oeuvres et portraits
, 3 vols (Paris, 1837), iii. p. 70; Lorédan,
La machine infernale
, p. 55; Tulard (ed.),
Dictionnaire Napoléon
, pp. 1107–8; Tulard,
Fouché
, pp. 150–8.
6
.
Procès instruit par le tribunal criminel du département de la Seine contre les nommés Saint-Réjant, Carbon, et autres, prévenus de conspiration contre la personne du Premier Consul
(Paris, an IX), i. 31–2. On the iconography surrounding the assassination attempt see Karine Salomé, ‘Les représentations iconographiques de l’attentat politique au XIXe siècle: enjeux et usages de la mise en image d’une violence politique’,
La Révolution française
, lrf.revues.org/index402, although there is a tendency to confound images and periods.
7
.
The dream is mentioned in Sigmund Freud,
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
, 24 vols (London, 1953–74), iv. pp. 26, 233–4.
8
.
Woloch,
Napoleon’s Collaborators
, pp. 74–5.
9
.
François-Joseph Boulay de la Meurthe,
Boulay de la Meurthe
(Paris, 1868), pp. 140–5; Roederer,
Mémoires
, p. 164; Charles Durand,
Etudes sur le Conseil d’Etat napoléonien
(Paris, 1949), pp. 632–5; Woloch,
Napoleon and his Collaborators
, pp. 74–5.
10
.
Thibaudeau,
Mémoires sur le Consulat
, pp. 31, 55.
11
.
AN AFIV 1302, n. 41, Police générale, affaire du 3 nivôse. Pierre-Marie Desmarets,
Quinze ans de haute police sous le consulat et l’empire
(Paris, 1833), pp. 34–66. According to Desmarets, a blacksmith recognized the horse’s hooves, which he had shod. See also Pierre-François Réal,
Les indiscrétions d’un préfet de police de Napoléon
, 2 vols (Paris, 1986), i. pp. 45–7; Marcel Le Clère, ‘Comment opérait la police de Fouché’,
Revue de criminologie et de police technique
, 1 (1951), 33–6; Lorédan,
La machine infernale
, pp. 68–98.
12
.
Probably with the backing of the British secret service. See Elizabeth Sparrow, ‘The Alien Office, 1792–1806’,
Historical Journal
, 33:2 (1990), 378.
13
.
Thibaudeau,
Mémoires sur le Consulat
, pp. 25–6.
14
.
Fouché,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 222–3; Woloch,
Napoleon and his Collaborators
, p. 75.

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