Citizen Emperor (125 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 24 . | For the following see Marc Belissa, Repenser l’ordre européen (1795–1802): de la société des rois aux droits des nations (Paris, 2006), pp. 155–62. |
| 25 . | Corr. vi. nos. 4445 and 4446 (25 December 1799). |
| 26 . | This is the view of Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), p. 208; Roider, ‘The Habsburg Foreign Ministry’, 180. |
| 27 . | Corr. vi. n. 4623 (27 February 1800). |
| 28 . | See Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 434–5; Pascal Dupuy, ‘Le 18 Brumaire en Grande-Bretagne: le témoignage de la presse et des caricatures’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 318 (1999), 778–9; Stuart Semmel, Napoleon and the British (New Haven and London, 2004), pp. 21–4. |
| 29 . | Mon dernier mot sur Bonaparte (London, n.d.), p. 3. The pamphlet was probably written by Francis d’Ivernois. |
| 30 . | See Semmel, Napoleon and the British , pp. 21–3. |
| 31 . | Hedva Ben-Israel, English Historians on the French Revolution (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 25–7; Phillip John Gray, ‘Revolutionism as Revisionism: Early British Views of Bonaparte, 1796–1803’, MA dissertation (University of Canterbury, 1995), 56–78; Semmel, Napoleon and the British , pp. 19–37. |
| 32 . | Simon Burrows, ‘Britain and the Black Legend: The Genesis of the Anti-Napoleonic Myth’, in Mark Philp (ed.), Resisting Napoleon: The British Response to the Threat of Invasion, 1797–1815 (Aldershot, 2006), p. 142. |
| 33 . | John D. Grainger, The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801–1803 (Woodbridge, 2004), p. 6. |
| 34 . | Harvey Meyer Bowman, ‘Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens: The Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and France from the Fall of the Directory to the Death of the Emperor Paul of Russia, November 1799–March 1801’, University of Toronto Studies ,1 (1899), p. 100. |
| 35 . | A senator/banker by the name of Perregaux made contact with Lord Auckland. See Bowman, ‘Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens’, pp. 101–2, 152–5. |
| 36 . | Pitt to Dundas (31 December 1800), in Philip Henry Stanhope, The Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt , 4 vols (London, 1861–2), iii. pp. 206–7, 212–13; Piers Mackesy, War without Victory: The Downfall of Pitt, 1799–1802 (Oxford, 1984), pp. 42–8; John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt , 3 vols (London, 1969–96), iii. pp. 332–45; Michael J. Turner, Pitt the Younger: A Life (London, 2003), pp. 227–8. |
| 37 . | The letter was published in The Annual Register, or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1800 (London, 1800); Bowman, ‘Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens’, pp. 104–5. |
| 38 . | Karl A. Roider, Baron Thugut and Austria’s Response to the French Revolution (Princeton, 1987), pp. 328–33; Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula, Baron von Thugut, Vertrauliche Briefe des Freiherrn von Thugut , 2 vols (Vienna, 1872) ii. nos. 953–64. |
| 39 . | See Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 314–17, 319–21. |
| 40 . | Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p. 209. |
| 41 . | Cited in Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power , p. 71. |
| 42 . | Corr. xxx. pp. 491–4. |
| 43 . | Corr. vi. n. 4449 (25 December 1799). |
| 44 . | Corr. vi. n. 4552 (25 January 1800). |
| 45 . | Moniteur universel , 5 pluviôse an VIII (4 February 1800). |
| 46 . | See, for example, the articles entitled ‘Observations’ and ‘Suite des lettres du lord Grenville’, published in the Moniteur universel , 11–17 ventôse an VIII (2–8 March 1800). Henry Richard, Lord Holland, Memoirs of the Whig Party during my Time , 2 vols (London, 1852), i. pp. 154–6. |
| 47 . | Moniteur universel , 18 ventôse an VIII (9 March 1800). The assertion by Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau, councillor of state, that the proclamation caused an ‘élan’ throughout the country is suspicious (Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau, Mémoires de A.-C. Thibaudeau, 1799–1815 (Paris, 1913), pp. 24–5). |
| 48 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 225–6. |
| 49 . | Edouard Gachot, Histoire militaire de Masséna: le siège de Gênes (1800) (Paris, 1908), pp. 213–28. |
| 50 . | Cited in Ernest Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau: l’entente initiale, les premiers dissentiments, la rupture (Paris, 1905), pp. 61, 69. |
| 51 . | Cited in Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (Bloomington, 1980), p. 127. |
| 52 . | David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (London, 1966), p. 266; Claus Telp, The Evolution of Operational Art, 1740–1813: From Frederick the Great to Napoleon (London, 2005), p. 41. |
| 53 . | Isser Woloch, The New Regime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789–1820s (New York, 1994), pp. 391–7. For a brief overview of conscription see Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London, 1991), pp. 156–65. |
| 54 . | Corr. vi. n. 4552 (25 January 1800). |
| 55 . | Corr. vi. n. 4432 (21 December 1799). |
| 56 . | Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , p. 143. |
| 57 . | Corr. vi. nos. 4432, 4557, 4681, 4695, 4713, 4759 (21 December 1799, 31 January, 19,22 March, 11 April, 5 May 1800); Jean de Cugnac, Campagne de l’Armée de Réserve en 1800 , 2 vols (Paris, 1900–1), i. esp. pp. 87–119. |
| 58 . | Reichardt, Un hiver à Paris sous le Consulat , p. 146. |
| 59 . | See, for example, Corr. vi. n. 4433 (21 December 1799). |
| 60 . | Corr. vi. n. 4674 (16 March 1800); Pierre Savinel, Moreau, rival républicain de Bonaparte (Paris, 1986), pp. 81–2. |
| 61 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 269. |
| 62 . | See, for example, Corr. vi. n. 4713 (11 April), n. 4725 (22 April 1800). |
| 63 . | Picard, Bonaparte et Moreau , pp. 205–12. |
| 64 . | According to A. B. Rodger, The War of the Second Coalition, 1798 to 1801: A Strategic Commentary (Oxford, 1964), p. 231. |
| 65 . | Miot de Mélito, Mémoires , i. p. 273. |
| 66 . | Cited in Jean Tulard and Louis Garros, Itinéraire de Napoléon au jour le jour, 1769–1821 (Paris, 1992), p. 154. |
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