Citizen Emperor (146 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 31 . | AN F/1cIII/Bouches-du-Rhône 8, prefect of the department to the minister of the interior, 9 prairial an XII (28 May 1804). |
| 32 . | Corinne Legoy, ‘Les marges captivantes, de l’histoire: la parole de gloire de la Restauration’, in Anne-Emmanuelle Demartini and Dominique Kalifa (eds), Imaginaire et sensibilités au XIXe siècle: études pour Alain Corbin (Paris, 2005), pp. 115–24, here pp. 119–20. |
| 33 . | The quotation is from a letter by Pierre Hartmann Richard, Lyons, no date, in AN AFIV, Fond de la Secrétairerie d’Etat, 1951. Examples from these cartons have also been used by Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 160–6; Petiteau, ‘Les Français et l’empereur’, pp. 24–8. |
| 34 . | AN AFIV 1951, p. Barrère to the minister of the interior, 25 floréal an XII (14 May 1804). |
| 35 . | AN AFIV 1953, Paris, 3 ventôse an XII (22 February 1804). |
| 36 . | AN AFIV 1953, 24 priarial an 12 (14 June 1804). |
| 37 . | A printed example is L’avènement de Napoléon à l’empire; stance lyrique par J.B. (Paris, 1804). |
| 38 . | Jean Sarrazin, Le onze frimaire, ou Discours analytique de la vie, des exploits mémorables, et des droits de Napoléon Ier (Paris, 1804), p. 80. |
| 39 . | AN BII 850B, letter from the adjudant commandant of the Army of Saint-Domingue, General Henry, Nantes, 13 floréal an XII (2 May 1804). |
| 40 . | AN AFIV 1953, Lafontaine, 2 May 1804. |
| 41 . | AN AFIV 1953, the widow Maillet (no date, no place). |
| 42 . | AN AFIV 1953, Jean-Baptiste Chabrier, Mirmande, 14 ventôse an XII (4 May 1804). |
| 43 . | Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 165, 170, argues that during this period there is a reinvention of relations between monarch and subject and that there is a return to a new kind of sacralization of the monarchy, less superstitious than that which preceded the Revolution. |
| 44 . | AN AFIV 1953, Pradier, from Castres, Department of Tarn, 30 germinal an XII (19 April 1804). |
| 45 . | AN AFIV 1953, Jean-Aime Lautour, 7 floréal an XII (26 April 1804); Egron, retired commandant de Place, 11 floréal an XII (30 April 1804); Jean Jacques Nicolas André, 27 floréal an XII (16 May 1804); Jacques Nicolas André, lawyer, Turin, 27 floréal an XII (16 May 1804); and Sarrazin, Le onze frimaire , pp. 83–4. |
| 46 . | AN BII 850B, General Henry, Nantes, 13 floréal an XII (2 May 1804); BII 851A, letter from the camp of Montreuil (no date); F/1cIII/Aisne 12, letter from the sub-prefect of the Aisne, floréal an XII (April 1804). |
| 47 . | See, for example, the letter from a notary in the Tarn, Pierre Guibert, in AN AFIV 1953, in which he refers to Napoleon as the father of the French people called on to conserve the glory and prosperity of the Empire. Also, F/1cIII/Lot/9, adjunct mayor of the town of Caussade, department of Lot, to Napoleon, 19 floréal an XII (8 May 1804); AFIV, 1953, François Louis Marguet, Besançon, 12 ventôse an XII (2 March 1804); and Lieutenant Boutaud, Paris, 15 floréal an XII (4 May 1804). |
| 48 . | Jay M. Smith, ‘No More Language Games: Words, Beliefs, and Political Culture in Early Modern France’, American Historical Review , 102 (1997), 1426. |
| 49 . | Marmont, Mémoires , ii. pp. 235–8; Pierre Robinaux, Journal de route du capitaine Robinaux, 1803–1832 (Paris, 1908), pp. 17–21. |
| 50 . | Albert Soboul, ‘De la Révolution à l’Empire en France: souveraineté populaire et gouvernement autoritaire (1789–1804)’, Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin , 26 (1965), 16–30; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , p. 123. |
| 51 . | François Arago, Histoire de ma jeunesse (Brussels and Leipzig, 1854), pp. 52–3; Remacle, Relations secrètes , pp. 53, 74–5. |
| 52 . | Souvenirs du général baron Teste (Paris, 1999), pp. 100–1. He described the swearing of the oath to the imperial regime as a ceremony in which a ‘sad and gloomy silence’ reigned. |
| 53 . | Ernest de Hauterive, La police secrète du premier Empire, bulletins quotidiens adressés par Fouché à l’Empereur , 5 vols (Paris, 1908–64), i. pp. 22, 94 (27 July and 17 September 1804). |
| 54 . | Natalie Petiteau, ‘Insultes et hostilités politiques sous le Consulat et l’Empire’, in Thomas Bouchet, Matthew Legget, Jean Vigreux and Geneviève Verdo (eds), L’insulte (en) politique: Europe et Amérique latine du XIXe siècle à nos jours (Dijon, 2005), p. 213. |
| 55 . | Auxonne-Marie-Théodose de Thiard, Souvenirs diplomatiques et militaires (Paris, 2007), pp. 128–9; Gilbert Bodinier, ‘Officiers et soldats de l’armée impériale face à Napoléon’, in Napoléon, de l’histoire à la légende: actes du colloque des 30 novembre et 1er décembre 1999 (Paris, 2000), pp. 215–16. |
| 56 . | Noël, Souvenirs militaires , pp. 34–5. |
| 57 . | Crook, ‘Confidence from Below?’, p. 24. |
| 58 . | The minister of the interior, Portalis, reported that the number of ‘yes’ votes in the army and navy respectively were 120,032 and 16,224. Napoleon simply increased the figures to 400,000 and 50,000. No ‘no’ votes were recorded (Frédéric Masson, Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoléon (Paris, 1978), p. 117). |
| 59 . | Malcolm Crook, ‘The Plebiscite on the Empire’, in Dwyer and Forrest (eds), Napoleon and his Empire , pp. 19–20. |
| 60 . | Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 119. |
| 61 . | Cited in Crook, ‘Confidence from Below?’, p. 31. |
| 62 . | Isser Woloch, ‘From Consulate to Empire: Impetus and Resistance’, in Peter Baehr and Melvin Ritcher (eds), Dictatorship in History and Theory: Bonapartism, Caesarism, and Totalitarianism (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 29–52, here p. 52. |
| 63 . | Todd Porterfield and Susan L. Siegfried, Staging Empire: Napoleon, Ingres, and David (University Park, Pa., 2006), p. 8. On the creation of monarchical symbolism for later periods see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983). |
| 64 . | It is an argument found in Porterfield and Siegfried, Staging Empire . |
| 65 . | Jean-Pierre Samoyault, ‘L’ameublement des salles du Trône dans les palais impériaux sous Napoléon Ier’, Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire de l’art français (1985), 185–206. |
| 66 . | Alfred Marquiset, Napoléon sténographié au Conseil d’Etat, 1804–1805 (Paris, 1913), pp. 29–31 (12 June 1804); Alain Boureau, L’aigle: chronique politique d’un emblème (Paris, 1985), pp. 158–74. |
| 67 . | Jean Tulard, Le Grand Empire, 1804–1815 (Paris, 1982), pp. 25–6; Annie Duprat, ‘Une guerre des images: Louis XVIII, Napoléon et la France en 1815’, Revue d’Histoire moderne et contemporaine , 47:3 (2000), 488. |
| 68 . | Masson, Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoléon , pp. 75–6. |
| 69 . | Cited in Chanteranne, Le sacre de Napoléon , p. 67. |
| 70 . | Cited in Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon , p. 129. |
| 71 . | On the Legion of Honour see André Fugier, ‘La signification sociale et politique des décorations napoléoniennes’, Cahiers d’histoire , 4 (1959), 339–46; Louis Bonneville de Marsangy, La Légion d’honneur (Paris, 1982), pp. 52–120; Michael J. Hughes, ‘Making Frenchmen into Warriors: Martial Masculinity in Napoleonic France’, in Christopher E. Forth and Bernard Taithe (eds), French Masculinities: History, Culture and Politics (Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 58–9; Hughes, ‘Vive la République, Vive l’Empereur!’, pp. 127–44; Natalie Petiteau, ‘Pourquoi Napoléon crée-t-il la Légion d’honneur?’, in Jean Tulard, François Monnier and Olivier Echappé (eds), La Légion d’honneur: deux siècles d’histoire (Paris, 2004), pp. 35–48; Olivier Ihl, Le mérite et la République: essai sur la société des émules (Paris, 2007), pp. 167–92; Natalie Petiteau, ‘Légion d’honneur et normes sociales’, in Bruno Dumons and Gilles Pollet (eds), La fabrique de l’honneur: les médailles et les décorations en France, XIXe–XXe siècles (Rennes, 2009), pp. 17–30. |
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