Citizen Emperor (145 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
142
. Iung (ed.),
Lucien Bonaparte
, iii. pp. 4–5.
143
. Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, ii. pp. 414–18.
144
. Henri Gaubert,
Le sacre de Napoléon Ier
(Paris, 1964), p. 149.
145
. These sentiments are expressed in the speeches of the Tribunate to Napoleon – see, for example, the speeches by Fabre de l’Aude (reprinted in the
Moniteur
, 1 May); Jaubert (3 May); Faure (4 May) – and indeed in Napoleon’s response to the Senate (6 May 1804).
146
. Jacques-Barthélemy Salgues,
Mémoire pour servir à l’histoire de France sous le gouvernement de Napoléon Buonaparte et pendant l’absence de la maison de Bourbon (1760–1830)
, 9 vols (Paris, 1814–26), vi. pp. 148–9.
147
. David Chanteranne,
Le sacre de Napoléon
(Paris, 2004), pp. 185–7, on which the following is based. See also Dubroca,
Les quatre fondateurs des dynasties françaises
, pp. 247–52, 305–6; Jean Chas,
Coup d’oeil d’un ami de sa patrie, sur les grandes action de l’empereur Napoléon
(Paris, 1804), pp. 1–2.
148
. Chas,
Coup d’oeil d’un ami
, p. 1; Joseph-Balthazar Bonnet de Treyches,
Du gouvernement héréditaire et de l’influence de l’autorité d’un seul sur les arts
(Paris, 1804), p. 7.
149
. Dubroca,
Les quatre fondateurs des dynasties françaises
, p. 325.
150
. Bonnet de Treyches,
Du gouvernement héréditaire
, pp. 7 and 9.
151
. Katia Sainson, ‘“Le Régénérateur de la France”: Literary Accounts of Napoleonic Regeneration 1799–1805’,
Nineteenth-Century French Studies
, 30 (2001–2), 9–25, here 17.
152
. Howard Brown,
Ending the Revolution
, pp. 3–4, argues that the Revolution came to an end in 1802 because it was in that year the regime became ‘structurally secure’ – that is, it no longer faced a serious domestic threat; the government had become stable and was accepted by the political elite. Blanning,
Pursuit of Glory
, p. 653, argues for 1802 as the year in which the revolutionary wars came to an end.
8: ‘The First Throne of the Universe’
| 1 . | Recueil des pièces authentiques relatives au suicide de l’ex-général Pichegru (Paris, 1804). |
| 2 . | Bertaud, Bonaparte et le duc d’Enghien , pp. 101–2. |
| 3 . | Vie privée de Georges Cadoudal, son caractère, ses crimes (Paris, 1804). |
| 4 . | Claude-Ambroise Régnier, Liste des brigands chargés, par le Ministère britannique, d’attenter aux jours du Premier Consul (Paris, an XII); Pichegru et Moreau (Paris, 1804); and Moreau et Pichegru au 18 fructidor an V (Paris, an XII), probably written by Roederer on Bonaparte’s orders. It is interesting to note that the Consular government always associated Moreau with that of Pichegru whenever he was mentioned in print. |
| 5 . | Acte d’accusation de Georges, Pichegru, Moreau, et autres prévenus de conspiration contre la personne du premier consul et contre la sûreté intérieure et extérieure de la république (Paris, an XII); Recueil des interrogatoires subis par le général Moreau (Paris, an XII). |
| 6 . | See, for example, the Lettre du général Moreau, au Premier Consul pour se disculper d’avoir pris part à la conspiration de Cadoudal (Paris, 1804). |
| 7 . | Chastenay, Mémoires , i. p. 336. |
| 8 . | Moreau, Jean-Victor Moreau , p. 104. |
| 9 . | Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon , p. 132; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , p. 81. |
| 10 . | Dalberg to Edelsheim (6 June 1804), Erdmannsdörffer and Obser (eds), Politische Correspondenz Karl Friedrichs von Baden , v. p. 83. |
| 11 . | According to AN F7 6403, dossier on Armand and Jules Polignac, Armand was condemned to death but pardoned by Napoleon and sent to the prison of Ham and then, after an attempted escape, back to the Temple in Paris. |
| 12 . | Lenôtre, Georges Cadoudal , pp. 245–51; Bertaud, Bonaparte et le duc d’Enghien , pp. 409–13. |
| 13 . | Corr. ix. n. 7804 (9 June 1804). |
| 14 . | Bourrienne, Mémoires , vi. p. 157. |
| 15 . | Although the official Correspondance does not contain a letter from Napoleon to Soult (or any other army commander) with this request, there is an allusion to such a document in a letter from Soult to Napoleon in which the former states, ‘You ordered me, general, to report, in the greatest detail, on the opinion of the army . . .’ (Soult to Napoleon, AN AFIV 1599, 27 germinal an XII (16 April 1804)). My thanks to Michael J. Hughes for sharing his archival notes and for pointing me in this direction. |
| 16 . | Soult to Napoleon, AN AFIV 1599, 21 germinal an XII (10 April 1804). |
| 17 . | Claude-Ambroise Régnier, Rapport du grand-juge au Premier Consul, et communiqué au Sénat dans sa séance de germinal, contenant toutes les pièces de la conspiration tramée par le gouvernement britannique, contre les jours du Premier Consul! (Paris, an XII); Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 111. |
| 18 . | At least according to Lentz, Grand Consulat , p. 563, but there does not appear to be a great deal of support for this assertion. |
| 19 . | AN BB/II/850B. |
| 20 . | AN BB/II/850A, 22 floréal XII. Also cited in Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 112. |
| 21 . | For example, Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 114. |
| 22 . | Corr. ix. n. 7683 (14 April 1804); Jourdan, ‘Le sacre ou le pacte social’, p. 27; and Annie Jourdan, ‘Le Premier Empire: un nouveau pacte social’, Cités: philosophie, politique, histoire , 20 (2004), 51–64. |
| 23 . | A change came about on 21 March 1804, when the editors announced that the petitions being submitted were so numerous that they were going to abandon publishing them in their entirety and instead print extracts. Many of the letters sent to the authorities and not published can be found in the series AN F/1cIII. |
| 24 . | AN F/1cIII/Aisne 12, 2 ventôse XII (21 February 1804). |
| 25 . | AN AFIV 1953, 12 ventôse an XII (2 March 1804). Other examples include a letter from the civil magistrates of Marseilles to Napoleon, F/1cIII/Bouches-du-Rhône 8, 4 ventôse an XII (23 February 1804). |
| 26 . | For this see Elaine Williamson, ‘Denon, la presse et la propagande impériale’, in Daniela Gallo (ed.), Les vies de Dominique-Vivant Denon , 2 vols (Paris, 2001), i. pp. 154–5. |
| 27 . | The assertion by Jourdan, ‘Le sacre ou le pacte social’, p. 27, that the petitions pleaded in favour of heredity or that, more specifically, the electoral colleges of the Var, the Yonne, the Nord, the Hautes-Pyrénées and the Roër (found in the Moniteur universel , 14 April 1804) ‘begged’ Napoleon to accept the crown is not borne out. There is at most a vague hint in the petition from the Yonne that ‘It is time to merge without reserve your [that is, Napoleon’s] destiny and that of the state.’ |
| 28 . | For example, Moniteur universel , 19 March 1804. |
| 29 . | Moniteur universel , 1 May 1804. |
| 30 . | AN F/1cIII/Aisne 12, letter from the ‘tribunal de commerce’ of Soissons (no date but probably end of floréal an XII (May 1804)). |
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