Citizen Emperor (144 page)

 
100
. Roederer,
Oeuvres
, iii. p. 461.

 
101
. Fouché,
Mémoires
, i. p. 304.

 
102
. Edouard Driault,
La politique orientale de Napoléon: Sébastiani et Gardane, 1806–1808
(Paris, 1904), pp. 394–5.

 
103
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 217.

 
104
. Pierre Bertrand (ed.),
Lettres inédites de Talleyrand à Napoléon, 1800–1809
(Paris, 1889), p. 99.

 
105
. Bailleu,
Preußen und Frankreich
, i. p. 330.

 
106
. Take, for example, Mathieu Dumas,
Précis des événemens militaires, ou Essais historiques sur les campagnes de 1799 à 1814
, 19 vols (Paris, 1817–26), viii. p. 454. On the question of heredity see also Natalie Petiteau, ‘Les Français et l’empereur’, in Hélène Becquet and Bettina Frederking (eds),
La dignité de roi: regards sur la royauté au premier XIXe siècle
(Paris, 2009), pp. 20–2.

 
107
. It led to the rupture of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Christer Jorgensen,
The Anglo-Swedish Alliance against Napoleonic France
(Basingstoke, 2004), pp. 23–5.

 
108
. Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 264.

 
109
. Paul R. Sweet,
Friedrich von Gentz: Defender of the Old Order
(Madison, 1941), pp. 97–8; Alexander Von Hase, ‘Friedrich (v.) Gentz: vom Übergang nach Wien bis zu den “Fragmenten des Gleichgewichts” (1802–1806)’,
Historische Zeitschrift
, 211 (1970), 589–615; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics
, p. 252.

 
110
. Czartoryski to Razumovsky, 7/19 June 1804,
Vneshniaia Politika Rossii XIX I nachala XX veka
, Series I, 1801–1815, 8 vols (Moscow, 1960–72), ii. n. 31 (19 June 1804).

 
111
. There is a debate about whether Napoleon dissolved a political entity that was already in its death throes or put an end to a thriving state. See Peter H. Wilson, ‘The Meaning of Empire in Central Europe around 1800’, in Forrest and Wilson (eds),
The Bee and the Eagle
, p. 22.

 
112
. Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 265.

 
113
. Adolf Beer, ‘Österreich und Russland in den Jahren 1804 und 1805’,
Archiv fur österreichische Geschichte
, 53 (1875), 125–243, here 230 (letter to Stadion, 11 July 1804); Karl A. Roider, ‘The Habsburg Foreign Ministry and Political Reform, 1801–1805’,
Central European History
, 22:2 (1989), 160–82.

 
114
. August Fournier,
Gentz und Cobenzl: Geschichte der österreichischen Diplomatie in den Jahren 1801–1805
(Vienna, 1880), p. 296 (1 September 1804).

 
115
. Cobenzl’s memoir in Gero Walter,
Der Zusammenbruch des heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation und die Problematik seiner Restauration in den Jahren 1814–15
(Heidelberg, 1980), pp. 132–44; Wilson, ‘The Meaning of Empire’, pp. 25–6, 30; and Peter H. Wilson, ‘Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806’,
International History Review
, 28 (2006), 723.

 
116
. Francis retained the title ‘elected Roman emperor’ but was now also referred to as the ‘hereditary Emperor of Austria’ (
Erbkaiser von Österreich
).

 
117
. Wilson, ‘The Meaning of Empire’, p. 26.

 
118
. 
Corr.
ix. n. 7900 (3 August 1804); Kaiser Franz Akten, Fasz. 203 neu (4 August 1804), cited in Wilson, ‘Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs’, 725. The Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, thereby became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.

 
119
. Haegele,
Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte
, p. 155.

 
120
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 180; Haegele,
Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte
, p. 156. Joseph’s position in the succession was eventually embodied in the imperial Constitution. Articles three and four stated that the succession was to be based on Salic law – that is, the crown could be passed only from one male to the next – and that if Napoleon did not have a legitimate or adopted son (and he could adopt only the son or grandson of one of his brothers), the crown would pass to Joseph.

 
121
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 170.

 
122
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 171.

 
123
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 108; Haegele,
Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte
, pp. 167–8.

 
124
. 
Corr.
ix. n. 7693 (18 April 1804); Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, ii. pp. 376–80.

 
125
. Recent works on Lucien include: Pietromarchi,
Lucien Bonaparte
; Martineau,
Lucien Bonaparte
; Marcello Simonetta and Noga Arikha,
Napoleon and the Rebel: A Story of Brotherhood, Passion, and Power
(New York, 2011); Maria Teresa Caracciolo (ed.),
Lucien Bonaparte: un homme libre
(Ajaccio, 2010).

 
126
. Pietromarchi,
Lucien Bonaparte
, pp. 79–81.

 
127
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 110.

 
128
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. pp. 110–11.

 
129
. On this episode see Glenn J. Lamar,
Jérôme Bonaparte: The War Years, 1800–1815
(Westport, Conn., 2000), pp. 10–20; Jacques-Olivier Boudon,
Le roi Jérôme: frère prodigue de Napoléon, 1784–1860
(Paris, 2008), pp. 82–5, 87–92.

 
130
. 
Mémoires et correspondance du roi Jérôme et de la reine Catherine
, 7 vols (Paris, 1861–6), i. p. 271.

 
131
. 
Corr.
x. n. 8614 (23 April 1805);
Mémoires et correspondance du roi Jérôme
, i. pp. 295–7.

 
132
. Eugene L. Didier,
The Life and Letters of Madame Bonaparte
(New York, 1879), pp. 46–8; Sidney Mitchell,
A Family Lawsuit: The Story of Elisabeth Patterson and Jérôme Bonaparte
(New York, 1958), pp. 101–7; Claude Bourguignon-Frasseto,
Betsy Bonaparte ou la Belle de Baltimore
(Paris, 1988).

 
133
. Lucien to Napoleon (25 May 1805), in Mitchell,
A Family Lawsuit
, p. 96.

 
134
. 
Corr.
x n. 8691 (6 May 1805); Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet,
Jérôme Bonaparte, ou l’envers de l’épopée
(Paris, 1979), p. 58.

 
135
. Chaptal,
Mes souvenirs
, p. 345.

 
136
. Mitchell,
A Family Lawsuit
, p. 116.

 
137
. Roederer,
Mémoires
, p. 206; Gabriel Girod de l’Ain,
Joseph Bonaparte: le roi malgré lui
(Paris, 1970), pp. 109–13.

 
138
. Fouché,
Mémoires
, i. p. 279.

 
139
. Rémusat,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 394–8 (Mme de Rémusat was not present during this scene. Josephine later told her, so Rémusat’s account has to be taken with a pinch of salt).

 
140
. Joseph Turquan,
L’impératrice Joséphine, d’après les témoignages des contemporains
(Paris, 1896), pp. 3–4.

 
141
. Hortense,
Memoirs
, i. p. 101; Masson,
Napoléon et sa famille
, ii. pp. 400–2.