Citizen Emperor (152 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
113
. Bovet,
Notice sur les solennités célébrées à Strasbourg . . . le jour du couronnement de Napoléon .
. . (Strasbourg, 1804).
114
. Rémusat,
Mémoires
, i. p. 80.
115
. See Masson,
Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoléon
, pp. 257–60.
116
. Chatel de Brancion,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 313.
117
. Hauterive,
La police secrète du premier Empire
, i. p. 222 (24 December 1804), and pp. 207, 249; ii. p. 110 (15 December 1804; 16 January; 5 October 1805).
118
. Bertaud,
Bonaparte et le duc d’Enghien
, pp. 416–17.
119
. Cited in Gaubert,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 184.
120
. See the
Moniteur universel
, 3, 4 and 5 December 1804. The pretext used was that ‘The magnitude of these solemnities, the order, the brilliance and the pomp with which they were celebrated . . . does not allow the freedom to depict so succinctly such a magnificent spectacle.’
121
. Cited in Gaubert,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 235.
CONQUEST, 1805–1807
10: ‘The Rage of Conquest and Ambition’
| 1 . | For the following see Edouard Driault, Napoléon en Italie (Paris, 1906), pp. 62–81; Albert Pingaud, La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord (1796–1805): Bonaparte, président de la République italienne , 2 vols (Paris, 1914), i. pp. 264–381; André Fugier, Napoléon et l’Italie (Paris, 1947), pp. 159–64; Desmond Gregory, Napoleon’s Italy (Madison, 2001), pp. 45–66; Alain Pillepich, Napoléon et les Italiens: République italienne et Royaume d’Italie, 1802–1814 (Paris, 2003), pp. 51–69. |
| 2 . | Pillepich, Napoléon et les Italiens , p. 58. |
| 3 . | Driault, Napoléon en Italie , pp. 292–339; Pingaud, La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord , ii. pp. 392–401; Fugier, Napoléon et l’Italie , p. 159. |
| 4 . | According to Cambacérès, Mémoires inédites , ii. pp. 26–7, Napoleon never had any intention of giving the Italian crown to Joseph, or to anyone else for that matter. Historians have mirrored these sentiments: Harold C. Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, Journal of Modern History , 2 (1930), 548–9; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p. 266; Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 169–70. A good general overview of the history of Italy during this period is to be found in Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796 (London, 2007), esp. ch. 2. |
| 5 . | Corr. x. n. 8250 (1 January 1805). |
| 6 . | For this see Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. pp. 520–2; Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , iii. pp. 4–18; Driault, Napoléon en Italie , pp. 307–14; Haegele, Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte , pp. 170–2. |
| 7 . | Pingaud, La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord , ii. pp. 437–8; Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , iii. pp. 18–20. |
| 8 . | Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , iii. pp. 31–4. |
| 9 . | On this episode see Carola Oman, Napoleon’s Viceroy, Eugène de Beauharnais (London, 1966), pp. 169–79; Françoise de Bernardy, Eugène de Beauharnais: 1781–1824 (Paris, 1973), pp. 107–28; Alain Pillepich, Eugène de Beauharnais: honneur et fidélité (Paris, 1999), pp. 14–18. Napoleon then set about instructing his stepson on how to become a ruler. Much of the correspondence can be found in Albert Du Casse (ed.), Mémoires et correspondance politique et militaire du prince Eugène , 10 vols (Paris, 1858–60), i. pp. 110–265. |
| 10 . | Gregory, Napoleon’s Italy , pp. 68–9. |
| 11 . | Asserts Alain Pillepich, ‘Napoléon Ier et la couronne de fer’, in Graziella Buccellati and Annamaria Ambrosioni (eds), La corona, il regno e l’impero: un millennio di storia , 2 vols (Milan, 1995–9), i. p. 202. |
| 12 . | Corr. x. n. 8445 (17 March 1805). |
| 13 . | Napoleon’s interference in Italy was fundamental in pushing Austria into the arms of the Third Coalition (Driault, Napoléon en Italie , pp. 313–14). |
| 14 . | See, for example, Bigarré, Mémoires , p. 152. |
| 15 . | Pingaud, La domination française dans l’Italie du Nord , ii. pp. 399–449; Gregory, Napoleon’s Italy , p. 67. |
| 16 . | Contends Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 169. See Pillepich, ‘Napoléon Ier et la couronne de fer’, pp. 203–4; Valla, La nostalgie de l’Empire , pp. 81–104. It was not the same crown used in the coronation of Charlemagne. |
| 17 . | For the following see Adolf Beer, Zehn Jahre österreichischer Politik, 1801–1810 (Leipzig, 1877), pp. 82–91; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 268–9. |
| 18 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 139. |
| 19 . | On the Franco-Bavarian alliance see Harold C. Deutsch, The Genesis of Napoleonic Imperialism (Cambridge, Mass., 1938), pp. 238–53; Marcel Dunan, Napoléon et l’Allemagne: la Système Continentale et les débuts du Royaume de Bavière, 1806–1810 (Paris, 1943), pp. 8–22; Marcus Junkelmann, Napoleon und Bayern: von den Anfängen des Königreiches (Regensburg, 1985), pp. 85–97. |
| 20 . | Corr. x. n. 8282 (22 January 1805). |
| 21 . | Pitt left the formation of the new coalition to Russia. John M. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder: British Foreign Aid in the Wars with France, 1793–1815 (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 149–51. |
| 22 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 219. |
| 23 . | Alexander to La Harpe, in Jean Charles Biaudet and Françoise Nicod (eds), Correspondance de Frédéric-César de La Harpe et Alexandre Ier , 3 vols (Neuchâtel, 1978–80), ii. pp. 44–5 (7 July 1803). |
| 24 . | Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 255. |
| 25 . | Cited in Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 252. |
| 26 . | Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 248–9; Janet M. Hartley, Alexander I (London, 1994), pp. 60, 68, 70–1; Marie-Pierre Rey, Alexandre Ier (Paris, 2009), pp. 197–205. |
| 27 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 152–62. |
| 28 . | Cited in Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 248. |
| 29 . | Talleyrand to Oubril, 9 thermidor an XII (28 June 1804), in Sbornik , lxxvii. pp. 681–4. |
| 30 . | Vneshniaia politika rossi , ii. n. 104 (17 February 1805). |
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