Citizen Emperor (154 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 65 . | Outlined with maps in Battesti, Trafalgar . |
| 66 . | Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 206–7. |
| 67 . | See, for example, Corr. ix. nos. 7677, 8060 (7 April, 29 September 1804); x. nos. 8206, 8209, 8231, 8232 (12 and 23 December 1804), 8279, 8654 (16 January and 29 April 1805);Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 553–4; Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 173–8. |
| 68 . | See Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 226–7. |
| 69 . | Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 229–36. |
| 70 . | According to Ségur, Histoire et mémoires , ii. pp. 329–37, when later Napoleon found out the details about the engagement, he too went into a fit, under the impression that Villeneuve had wasted an opportunity and had again bottled up the fleet. |
| 71 . | Corr. xi. n. 9066 (11 August 1805). |
| 72 . | Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 240–2. |
| 73 . | Desbrière, Projets et tentatives de débarquement , iv. pt 3, pp. 775–86. |
| 74 . | Corr. xi. n. 9220 (15 September 1805). |
| 75 . | On the tergiversations surrounding the departure, including at one stage a written refusal on the part of the naval officers to leave port, see Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 295–304. |
| 76 . | John Holland Rose, The Life of Napoleon I , 2 vols (London, 1902), ii. pp. 26–8. The literature on the battle is vast. Among the better, more recent works are: Schom, Trafalgar , pp. 307–56; Tim Clayton and Phil Craig, Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm (London, 2004); Roy Adkins, Trafalgar: The Biography of a Battle (London, 2004); Adam Nicolson, Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making of the English Hero (London, 2005). |
| 77 . | There was, as a result, some speculation among contemporaries about whether he was murdered. See Henry Rollin, ‘L’amiral Villeneuve et Napoléon’, Revue des études napoléoniennes , 3 (1913), 200–34; Dupont, L’amiral Decrès et Napoléon , pp. 175–6; Battesti, Trafalgar , pp. 308–10. |
| 78 . | Dupont, L’amiral Decrès et Napoléon , pp. 176 and 303–12. |
| 79 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 325. |
| 80 . | Adkins, Trafalgar , p. 24; Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 283. |
| 81 . | See Samuel Horsley, The Watchers and the Holy Ones: A Sermon (London, 1806), pp. 24–7. |
| 82 . | Corr. xi. n. 9069 (13 August 1805). |
| 83 . | Corr. xi. n. 9070 (13 August 1805). |
| 84 . | Corr. xi. n. 9115 (22 August 1805). |
| 85 . | Corr. xi. nos. 9120, and 9117 (23 August 1805). |
| 86 . | Corr. xi. nos. 9038, 9068, 9069 and 9070 (3, 12 and 13 August 1805); Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 547. |
| 87 . | See, for example, his letters to Domenico Pino in Corr. x. n. 8581 (13 April 1805). |
| 88 . | Paul-Claude Alombert and Jean Colin, La campagne de 1805 en Allemagne , 4 vols (Paris, 1902–8), i. pp. 20, 29–30 and 32–4 (23 January 1805). |
| 89 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 285. |
| 90 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 231–54, 255–82. |
| 91 . | Corr. x. n. 8791 (26 May 1805); Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 295–6. My thanks to Frederick Kagan for this point on Murat’s knowledge of the treaty. |
| 92 . | Corr. x. n. 8790 (26 May 1805). |
| 93 . | Corr. xi. n. 9032 (31 July 1805); and Campagnes de la grande armée et de l’armée d’Italie en l’an XIV (1805) (Paris, 1806), pp. 51–9 (the letter is dated 17 thermidor an XIII). |
| 94 . | Declaration from the court of Vienna to Napoleon, 5 August 1805, in Leopold von Neumann (ed.), Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par l’Autriche avec les puissances étrangères depuis 1763 jusqu’à nos jours , 12 vols (Vienna, 1877–88), ii. pp. 162–7. |
| 95 . | Corr. xi. n. 9070 (13 August 1805). |
| 96 . | See Kagan, The End of the Old Order , pp. 307–13; Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. p. 154. |
| 97 . | Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 362. |
| 98 . | See Creveld, ‘Napoleon and the Dawn of Operational Warfare’, pp. 18–24. |
| 99 . | Englund, Napoleon , p. 273. |
100
. James A. Arnold, ‘A Reappraisal of Column versus Line in the Peninsular War’,
Journal of Military History
, 68 (2004), 540; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 58.
101
. Bertaud,
Bonaparte et le duc d’Enghien
, p. 70.
102
. Raymond de Montesquiou-Fezensac,
Souvenirs militaires de 1804 à 1814
(Paris, 1870), pp. 31–3.
103
. Ideville,
Le maréchal Bugeaud
, p. 71.
104
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 377; and on the difficulties of supplying the army see Martin van Creveld,
Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton
(Cambridge, 1977), pp. 42–61.
105
. Ideville,
Le maréchal Bugeaud
, pp. 71, 74.
106
. Montesquiou-Fezensac,
Souvenirs militaires
, pp. 64–5.
107
. For one case of a quartermaster, Jean-Baptiste Charles de Tersac, twenty-one years of age, who died of ‘exhaustion’ as a direct consequence of the forced marches and the ensuing battle, see J.-J. Hemardinquer, ‘Mort d’épuisement après Austerlitz’,
Revue de l’Institut Napoléon
, 134 (1978), 115.
108
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 343.
109
. It is a point raised by Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, p. 396; Gates,
The Napoleonic Wars
, p. 24. See also Christopher Duffy,
Austerlitz 1805
(London, 1977), p. 48; and Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 400, 423, 429.
Other books
A Separate Peace by John Knowles
Girl of Lies by Charles Sheehan-Miles
The Willing by Moreau, JJ
Before Hadley by J. Nathan
The Madame of Gravestone by Misty Burke
Mama Black Widow by Iceberg Slim
The Intern by Brooke Cumberland
Oaxaca Journal by Oliver Sacks, M.D.
The Mechanical Messiah by Robert Rankin