Citizen Emperor (155 page)

 
110
. Roger Parkinson,
The Fox of the North: The Life of Kutuzov, General of War and Peace
(New York, 1976), pp. 58–9.

 
111
. Chandler,
The Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 148, 390–402.

 
112
. ‘Extrait de la relation de la prise d’Ulm, sur le manuscrit original de M . . . , capitaine d’Etat-Major au service de l’Autriche’,
Journal des sciences militaires
, 8 (1827), 80.

 
113
. Charles Ingrao,
The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 229.

 
114
. ‘Extrait de la relation de la prise d’Ulm’, 81; Alfred Krauss,
1805, der Feldzug von Ulm
, 2 vols (Vienna, 1912), i. pp. 468–81.

 
115
. ‘Extrait de la relation de la prise d’Ulm’, 80; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 430–1.

 
116
. Tourtier-Bonazzi,
Lettres d’amour à Joséphine
, pp. 187–8 (21 October 1805).

 
117
. Henry Reeve,
Journal of a Residence at Vienna and Berlin in the Eventful Winter 1805–6
(London, 1877), p. 37.

 
118
. Frederick William John Hemmings,
Theatre and State in France, 1760–1905
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 130.

 
119
. This is the contention of most military historians (see Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 409–10; Gates,
The Napoleonic Wars
, p. 29; Duffy,
Austerlitz
, p. 76), but it is contested by Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 564.

 
120
. Dunan,
Napoléon et l’Allemagne
, p. 20.

 
121
. Dunan,
Napoléon et l’Allemagne
, p. 17; Adalbert Prinz von Bayern,
Max I. Joseph von Bayern, Pfalzgraf, Kurfürst und König
(Munich, 1957), pp. 481–2.

 
122
. George Jackson,
The Bath Archives: A Further Selection from the Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, K.C.H., from 1809 to 1816
, 2 vols (London, 1873), ii. p. 353; Jean-Gabriel Eynard,
Journal de Jean-Gabriel Eynard: au Congrès de Vienne
, 2 vols (Paris, 1914), i. p. 46; Dunan,
Napoléon et l’Allemagne
, pp. 15–16; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics
, pp. 273–4.

 
123
. 
Corr.
xi. nos. 9451, 9464 (3 and 8 November 1805).

 
124
. 
Corr.
xi. n. 9470 (11 November 1805); Tulard,
Murat
, pp. 81–2; Parkinson,
The Fox of the North
, pp. 67–8; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 471.

 
125
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 470.

 
126
. Alistair Horne,
Seven Ages of Paris
(New York, 2004), p. 174.

 
127
. 
Journal de l’Empire
, 6 frimaire an XIV (27 November 1805); Lanzac de Laborie,
Paris sous Napoléon
, iii. pp. 46–7.

 
128
. According to Rémusat,
Lettres
, i. pp. 376–7.

 
129
. Lanzac de Laborie,
Paris sous Napoléon
, iii. pp. 47–8.

 
130
. Reeve,
Journal of a Residence at Vienna and Berlin
, pp. 26–7. For the French take on the Austrian capital see Robert Ouvrard,
1809: les Français à Vienne: chronique d’une occupation
(Paris, 2009), pp. 107–44.

 
131
. Ségur,
Histoire et mémoires,
ii. p. 446; Bailleu (ed.),
Briefwechsel König Friedrich Wilhelm
, n. 83 (28 November 1805). Alexander made a visit to Berlin in October 1805, the crowning moment being a visit to the grave of Frederick the Great in Potsdam, where he supposedly stood some time in meditative reflection, hand in hand with Queen Luise. It led to the Treaty of Potsdam; Prussia was to attempt an ‘armed mediation’ with Napoleon and if that did not work it would commit 180,000 men to the coalition. Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann,
König in Preußens großer Zeit: Friedrich Wilhelm III. der Melancholiker auf dem Thron
(Berlin, 1992), pp. 198–200; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 550, 553–4.

 
132
. Thiard,
Souvenirs diplomatiques et militaires
, pp. 200–1.

 
133
. The literature on the battle of Austerlitz is considerable. See Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 413–33; Henry Lachouque,
Napoléon à Austerlitz
(Paris, 1961); Duffy,
Austerlitz
, pp. 69–156; Frederick C. Schneid,
Napoleon’s Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition
(Westport, Conn., 2005); Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 581–628; Pierre Robin and Christophe Dufourg Burg (eds),
Austerlitz: récits de soldats
(Paris, 2006).

 
134
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 116, 572, 574.

 
135
. Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 568–70, goes over the options open to Napoleon and the allies.

 
136
. Chandler,
The Campaigns of Napoleon,
p. 149.

 
137
. Parkinson,
The Fox of the North
, pp. 82–5; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, pp. 576–7.

 
138
. Thiébault,
Mémoires
, iii. pp. 454–5; Lejeune,
Mémoires
, pp. 26–7; Bigarré,
Mémoires
, pp. 170–1; Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcellin, baron de Marbot,
Mémoires du général Bon de Marbot
, 3 vols (Paris, 1897), i. pp. 258–9;
Ségur,
Histoire et mémoires,
ii. pp. 461–2; Coignet,
Note-Books
, pp. 122–3.

 
139
. On this event see Jean Baptiste Auguste Barrès,
Souvenirs d’un officier de la Grande Armée
(Paris, 1923), p. 55; Paul-Claude Alombert, ‘Le colonel Constant Corbineau’,
Carnet de la Sabretache
, 3 (1895), 289–307, here 295; Jean-Pierre Noël Asseré, ‘Journal du voltigeur Asseré’,
Carnet de la Sabretache
, 14 (1905), 705–31, here 723.

 
140
. Alistair Horne,
How Far from Austerlitz? Napoleon 1805–1815
(New York, 1996), p. 150.

 
141
. Jacques-Olivier Boudon, ‘Grand homme ou demi-dieu? La mise en place d’une religion napoléonienne’,
Romantisme
, 100 (1998), 139.

 
142
. Barrès,
Souvenirs
, pp. 57–8.

 
143
. 
Corr.
xi. nos. 9541, 9544 (3 and 5 December 1805). The idea of firing a howitzer shell into the ice after the cannon balls simply bounced off is supposed to have come from Captain Théodore-Jean-Joseph du Séruzier,
Mémoires militaires du baron Seruzier, colonel d’artillerie légère
(Paris, 1823), pp. 28–9.

 
144
. 
Campagnes de la grande armée
, pp. 293–302, here p. 300; Duffy,
Austerlitz
, pp. 148–9; Kagan,
The End of the Old Order
, p. 621.

 
145
. Most historians cite the figure of between 3,000 and 5,000 French killed. A recent examination of the archives reveals that it may have been as low as 1,537 (Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, iii. p. 494). It nevertheless took two weeks to bury the dead (Letter from Toussaint Walthéry, 30 December 1805, in Emile Fairon and Henri Heuse,
Lettres de grognards
(Liège, 1936), pp. 86–7).

 
146
. Theodor von Bernhardi,
Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben des kaiserl. russ. Generals von der Infanterie Carl Friedrich Grafen von Toll
, 5 vols (Leipzig, 1865–6), i. pp. 167–8.