Citizen Emperor (167 page)

 
116
. An entry taken from the
Recueil des actions héroïques et civiques des républicains français
(Paris, an II), n. 1, pp. 17–18.

 
117
. Cited in Cabanis,
Le sacre de Napoléon
, p. 229.

 
118
. Jean-Henry Rattier, ‘Campagne d’Italie (1796): notes d’un sergent major’,
Revue retrospective. Recueil de pièces intéressantes
, xx (1894), pp. 322–3 (26 June 1810). Rattier would later die on the retreat from Moscow.

 
119
. Maurice de Tascher,
Journal de campagne, 1806–1813
(Paris, 2008), pp. 129, 118–19 (13 August and 28 July 1808). On the atrocities committed by imperial troops in Italy and in Spain see Philip Dwyer, ‘“It Still Makes Me Shudder”: Memories of Massacres and Atrocities during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’,
War in History
, 16 (2009), 381–405.

 
120
. The best work in English on the war and the guerrilla in Spain is Charles Esdaile,
Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814
(New Haven, 2004). There is a debate about the effectiveness of the guerrilla movement. Esdaile argues that the guerrillas did more harm than good for the allies, while the French historian, Hocquellet,
Résistance et révolution durant l’occupation napoléonienne en Espagne
, argues that without the guerrillas Spain would quickly have succumbed. See also Michael Broers,
Napoleon’s Other War: Bandits, Rebels and their Pursuers in the Age of Revolutions
(Oxford, 2010), pp. 105–27.

 
121
. Jean-Philippe Luis, ‘Violences politiques et conciliations en Espagne’, in Jean-Claude Caron, Frédéric Chauvaud, Emmanuel Fureix and Jean-Noël Luc (eds),
Entre violence et conciliation: la résolution des conflits sociopolitiques en Europe au XIXe siècle
(Rennes, 2008), p. 288.

 
122
. ‘Mémoires du capitaine de frégate Pierre Baste’, in
Mémoires sur la campagne d’Andalousie et la captivité qui s’en suivit
(Paris, 1998), pp. 92–4.

 
123
. Laforest to Champagny in, Geoffroy de Grandmaison (ed.),
Correspondance du comte de La Forest, ambassadeur de France en Espagne, 1808–1813
, 7 vols
(Paris, 1905–13), i. p. 119 (25 June 1808).

 
124
. Caulaincourt,
Mémoirs
, i. p. 273.

 
125
. Georges Lefebvre,
Napoléon
(Paris, 1969), p. 320.

 
126
. 
Corr.
xvii. n. 13888 (15 May 1808).

 
127
. Joseph received many other epithets including, ‘rey intruso’, ‘rey errante’, ‘rey trashumante’, ‘rey Sin Tierra’, ‘rey de copas’, as well as a number of nicknames that played on the word ‘Pepe’, such as ‘Pepe José’, ‘Tío Pepe’, and ‘rey Pepino’. See Gérard Dufour, ‘Le roi philosophe’, in Emilio La Parra López (ed.),
Actores de la Guerra de la Independencia: dossier des mélanges de la Casa de Velasquez
, nouvelle série, 38:1 (2008), 53–70.

 
128
. Examples of these pamphlets can be found in AN AFIV 1610 (3); Esdaile,
Fighting Napoleon
, pp. 63–4. A selection of this patriotic literature appears in Sabino Delgado (ed.),
Guerra de la Independencia
(Madrid, 1979). See also Emilio La Parra López, ‘Les pamphlets dans la guerre d’Espagne: discours des humbles ou discours vers les humbles?’, in Jens Ivo Engels, Frédéric Monier and Natalie Petiteau (eds),
La politique vue d’en bas: pratiques privées et débats publics, 19e–20e siècles
(Paris, 2011), pp. 47–61.

 
129
. Aymes, ‘Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte sous le regards des Espagnols’, 30–1.

 
130
. Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, iii. pp. 12–13; Haegele,
Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte
, pp. 344–5.

 
131
. Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, i. p. 409.

 
132
. Du Casse,
Mémoires du roi Joseph
, iv. p. 395 (31 July 1808).

 
133
. Jean-Baptiste Nompère Champagny,
Souvenirs de M. de Champagny, duc de Cadore
(Paris, 1846) p. 103.

 
134
. Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, p. 617, and on Bailén pp. 612–22.

 
135
. On their fate see Gunther E. Rothenberg, ‘The Age of Napoleon’, in Michael Howard, George J. Andreopoulos and Mark R. Shulman (eds),
The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World
(New Haven, 1994), pp. 90–1; Georges Pariset, ‘Les captifs de Bailén’,
Revue
des études napoléoniennes
, 32 (1931), 209–29; Léonce Bernard,
Les prisonniers de guerre du Premier Empire
(Paris, 2000), pp. 79–83.

 
136
. Tascher,
Journal de campagne
, pp. 122–31; ‘Rapport du Capitaine Gerdy’, in
Mémoires sur la campagne d’Andalousie
, pp. 139, 145; Lorédan Larchey,
Les Suites d’une capitulation. Relations des captifs de Baylen et de la glorieuse retraite du 116e régiment
(Paris, 1884), pp. 7–8, 26–8, 108; Denis Smith,
The Prisoners of Cabrera: Napoleon’s Forgotten Soldiers, 1809–1814
(London, 2001), p. 21.

 
137
. Smith,
The Prisoners of Cabrera
, pp. 61–104.

 
138
. Jean-René Aymes, ‘La guerre d’Espagne dans la presse impériale (1808–1814)’,
Annales historiques de la Révolution française
, 336 (2004), 131–2.

 
139
. Ibbeken,
Preussen 1807–1813
, pp. 116–45.

 
140
. Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, p. 50.

 
141
. Metternich,
Mémoires
, ii. pp. 228–60.

 
142
. Du Casse,
Mémoires du roi Joseph
, iv. p. 389 (28 July 1808).

 
143
. Dumas,
Souvenirs
, iii. pp. 321–2.

CRUCIBLE, 1808–1811

14: The Desolate Father