Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (118 page)

 
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A European monastic order founded at Grande-Chartreuse by St Bruno in ad 1086 that emphasized a return to the eremitic form of monasticism, with each monk having his own cell and garden plot to cultivate. The cells were arranged around a cloister, but there was very little communal activity.

 
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Queen of the Brigantes tribe of northern England at about the time of the Roman conquest. She was pro-Roman and reputedly surrendered Caratacus to the Romans in ad 51. This caused a breach with her husband, Venutius , who thereafter led the native resistance to the Romans until the Brigantes were conquered under Petilius Cerialis and Agricola in the
ad
70s.

 
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An oval frame with a straight stroke tangential to one end that was used by Egyptian scribes and masons to enclose the hieroglyphs of a royal name.

 
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A medieval document comprising a collection of charters and other deeds gathered together and copied into book form as a convenient archive. Many surviving examples relate to ecclesiastical houses and
MONASTERIES
.

 
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Roughly spherical or slightly lobate artificially shaped carved stones dating to the later Neolithic and found only in Scotland. Where decorated, the motifs used are similar to those in
MEGALITHIC ART
. Unornamented stone balls are, however, found in other areas of the British Isles in 4th and 3rd millennia
bc
contexts.

 
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Term used to describe a technique of constructing plank-built water craft in which the strips of wood forming the skin of the hull are joined edge to edge rather than overlapping (
CLINKER-BUILT
). In general such construction involves first making a framework or shell over which the hull is formed. The oldest known plank-built boat in the world, the royal funeral boat of Cheops dated to about 2650 bc, was built in this way.