Exorcising Hitler (67 page)

52
 Quoted in
The Times
, 7 August 1945, ‘Germans in East Europe: Many Expulsions’.

53
New York Times
, 13 November 1946, Anne O’Hare McCormick, ‘Problem of Places for Refugees’.

54
 Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, p. 622.

55
 Ibid., p. 624. These comments are likely to represent a matter-of-fact professional observation rather than an expression of human sympathy. During his long career, Serov was involved in the state-instituted Ukrainian famine of the early 1930s, in the massacre of Polish officers at Katyn, the deportation of thousands from the Baltic states, the wartime displacement of Crimean Tatars and many other Stalinist atrocities, climaxing in the bloody suppression of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956.

4 ZERO HOUR

1
 Frodien,
Bleib übrig
, p. 175.

2
 Ibid., p. 179.

3
 Ibid., pp. 232ff.

4
Ibid., p. 181.

5
 Interview with Joachim Trenkner, Berlin, 24 March 2008.

6
 Interview with Egon Plönissen, Koblenz, 12 June 2009.

7
 See Martin Middlebrook and Chris Everitt,
The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book 1939–1945
, p. 615.

8
 Helmut Nassen,
Tagebuch des Helmut Nassen vom 6.3.45 bis 30.4.45
, Dr H. Schnatz, ed. (typescript, reproduced with permission of Dr Schnatz and Herr Nassen).

9
 Ibid.

10
 Ibid.

11
 For details of these and later events in Penzberg see Biddiscombe,
The Last Nazis
, pp. 168ff. except where otherwise indicated.

12
 Biographical details for Giesler in Höffkes,
Hitlers politische Generale
, pp. 87ff.

13
 Ibid., p. 89. Hitler would commit suicide the next day. Accounts of Giesler’s suicide vary, but he may have attempted to kill himself at least twice, and after the second (a botched pistol shot to the temple) to have lingered for some days before expiring on the last day of the war in a military hospital near Berchtesgaden.

14
 Earl F. Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, pp. 257f.

15
 See Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, p. 968.

16
 Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, p. 320.

17
 Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, pp. 262f.

18
 Ulbricht’s explanation quoted by a member of the group, Wolfgang Leonhard, in an interview published sixty years later, in
Der Spiegel
, no. 16, 2005 (8 April 2005):
‘
Zurück in die Zukunft’. Leonhard, brought up in the Soviet Union as the child of German communist émigrés, became disillusioned and eventually fled to the West.

19
 For a thorough outlining of the political chess game surrounding the withdrawal plans, see Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, pp. 716ff.

20
 Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, p. 324.

21
 See Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, p. 719.

22
 Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, pp. 265–7. And for the following details of the Wendenschloss meeting.

23
 Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, p. 724.

24
 Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, p. 267.

25
 For this and the following see interview with Joachim Trenkner.

26
 Interview with Egon Plönissen.

27
 Ibid.

5 THROUGH CONQUERORS’ EYES

1
 These figures cited in Jeffry K. Olick,
In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat, 1943–1945
, pp. 42f.

2
 Quoted in Maureen Waller,
London 1945: Life in the Debris of War
, p. 112.

3
 Quoted in ibid., p. 113. And for the following.

4
 Olick,
In the House of the Hangman
, p. 71.

5
 Ibid., p. 106.

6
 Günter Bischof and Stephen E. Ambrose, eds,
Eisenhower and the German POWs: Facts against Falsehood
, p. 30.

7
 Cited in ibid., p. 25n.

8
 George Clare,
Berlin Days, 1946–1947
, p. 210.

9
 Frodien,
Bleib übrig
, p. 204.

10
 See Ziemke’s remarks in
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, pp. 88f.

11
 Ibid., p. 90.

12
 Text of JCS 1067 (Directive to Commander-in-Chief of United States Forces of Occupation Regarding the Military Government of Germany) in
Department of State: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945
, vol. 3, European Advisory Commission; Austria; Germany, pp. 484ff.

13
 Signed memorandum from Henry Morgenthau to President Roosevelt n.d. but before 4 September 1944 in: President’s Secretary File (PSF) Safe Files: German Diplomatic Files 1944 (January–September), Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum Website; version date 2009.

14
 Memorandum from Henry J. Stimson to President Roosevelt, 5 September 1944 in: President’s Secretary File (PSF) Safe Files: German Diplomatic Files 1944 (Jan.–Sept.), Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum Website; version date 2009. And for the following.

15
 See Cordell Hull’s Memorandum for the President (Presented by the Secretary in person to the President on 1 October 1944) dated 29 September 1944 in: President’s Secretary File (PSF) Safe Files: German Diplomatic Files 1944 (Jan.–Sept.), Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum Website; version date 2009.

16
 Olick,
In the House of the Hangman
, p. 31.

17
 Michael Beschloss,
The Conquerors
, p. 173.

18
 Lord Moran,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965
, p. 200.

19
 Ibid., p. 131.

20
 Olick,
In the House of the Hangman,
pp. 31f.

21
 Cited ibid., p. 32.

22
Time
magazine, 2 July 1945: ‘Leave Your Helmet On’.

23
Pocket Guide to Germany
: copy in the author’s possession. Also available in facsimile in English and as a German/English parallel text with commentary by Hg. Sven Felix Kellerhof.

24
 Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, p. 194.

25
 See John Willoughby, ‘The Sexual Behaviour of American GIs during the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany’, in
Journal of Military History
, vol. 62 (January 1998), p. 170.

26
 ‘German Girls: US Army Boycott Fails to Stop GIs from Fraternizing with Them’, in
Life
, 23 July 1945, no. 35.

27
Time
magazine, 30 July 1945: ‘Ban Lifted’. And for the following.

28
 Facts in the article at DW-World.de
http://www6.dw-world.de/en/2099.php
: ‘Sleeping with the Enemy’.

29
 Point (15) in Montgomery’s ‘Notes on the Present Situation no.2’ 6 July 1945, a letter to his Corps Commanders and Control Council Heads of Divisions. In Montgomery’s papers in the Imperial Museum and also quoted extensively in Christopher Knowle of London University’s highly informative blog on aspects of the British occupation of Germany,
http://howitreallywas
.typepad.com/
, entry for 14 March 2009: Field-Marshal Montgomery and the fraternisation ban.

30
 Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke,
War Diaries 1939–1945
, p. 682, 10 April 1945.

31
 Volker Koop,
Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland
, pp. 157f.

32
 Account by Lieutenant Christopher Leefe, quoted in Douglas Botting,
In the Ruins of the Reich
, p. 257.