Exorcising Hitler (69 page)

12
 Wolfgang Gückelhorn,
Das Ende am Rhein: Kriegsende zwischen Remagen und Andernach
, pp. 145ff.

13
 See Rüdiger Overmans, ‘German Historiography, the War Losses, and the Prisoners of War’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds,
Eisenhower and the German POWs
, pp. 138ff.

14
 Günter Bischof, ‘Bacque and Historical Evidence’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds,
Eisenhower and the German POWs
, p. 217.

15
 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche
,
Band 10, Zweiter Halbband
, p. 419.

16
 See Gückelhorn,
Das Ende am Rhein
, p. 146.

17
 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, p. 420.

18
 Gückelhorn,
Das Ende am Ehein
, p. 146.

19
 Figures in Overmans, ‘German Historiography, the War Losses, and the Prisoners of War’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds,
Eisenhower and the German POWs
, p. 150.

20
 Ibid., p. 152.

21
 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband,
p. 421, estimates between 5,000 and 10,000 out of roughly a million. Bischof, in ‘Bacque and Historical Evidence’, as above, allows up to 56,000, making the total around 5 per cent.

22
 Figures according to Niall Ferguson in
‘
Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat’,
War in History
, vol. 11 (2004), part 2, p. 186 (Table 4: Prisoners of War: percentage and chances of dying in captivity).

23
 Overmans,
‘
Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, pp. 442f.

24
 For an illustrated collection of these
Passierscheine
(with texts and explanations) see the website ‘The Allied
Passierschein
of World War 2’ by SGM Herbert M. Friedman at
http://www.psywarrior.com/GermanSCP.html
. Many sources thought this the single most effective propaganda leaflet of the war.

25
 Wolff-Mönckeberg,
On the Other Side
, p. 140.

26
 Mann,
Frühling am Rhein Anno 1945
, p. 27.

27
 See Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, p. 62.

28
 Full text of the Hague Convention on Land Warfare available at
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#iart1
. And see Richard Dominic Wiggers, ‘The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II’, in Steven Béla Várdy and T. Hunt Tooly, eds,
Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
, p. 274.

29
 Quoted in Wiggers, as above, p. 275.

30
 Ibid., p. 276.

31
 Ibid., p. 277.

32
 Ibid., p. 279.

33
 See Trent, ‘Food Shortages in Germany and Europe’, 1945–1948, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds,
Eisenhower and the German POWs
, p. 99 and n.9.

34
 See Jörg Echternkamp, ‘Im Schlagschatten des Krieges. Von den Folgen militärischer Gewalt und nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft in der frühen Nachkriegszeit’, in Müller, ed.,
Das Deutsche Reich
,
Band 10
,
Zweiter Halbband
, p. 661.

35
 For average ration figures in 1946 and current estimates of calorific requirements see ibid., pp. 662f.

36
 Steege,
Black Market, Cold War
, p. 42.

37
 Ibid., p. 43.

8 TO THE VICTORS THE SPOILS

1
 Gelfand,
Tagebuch eines Rotarmisten
, pp. 211f.

2
 Ibid., p. 176.

3
 Ibid., p. 191.

4
 Clare,
Berlin Days
, p. 146.

5
 Interview Penzance, England, 4 October 2008, with Maurice Smelt (lieutenant in the Black Watch 1945–8, stationed at Duisburg).

6
 See Clay for McCloy, 16 September 1945, in Smith, ed.,
The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay
, vol. I, p. 78.

7
 See Willoughby, ‘The Sexual Behaviour of American GIs during the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany’, p. 171.

8
 Walter J. Slatoff, ‘GI Morals in Germany’, in
The New Republic
, 13.5.1946, vol. 114, issue 19, p. 686 and p. 687. Slatoff was later a professor at Cornell University and Chair of its English Department.

9
 Interview with Maurice Smelt.

10
 David Clay Large,
Berlin: A Modern History
, p. 390.

11
 Taylor,
The Berlin Wall
, p. 46.

12
 See Steege,
Black Market, Cold War
, p. 38.

13
 David Kynaston,
Austerity Britain 1945–1951
, pp. 106f.

14
 Figures from tables of 1950 census in Germany (West) in Kossert,
Kalte Heimat
, p. 59.

15
 Kevin Jackson, ed.,
The Humphrey Jennings Reader
, p. 101.

16
 Ibid., p. 102.

17
 Kopp,
Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland
, p. 173.

18
 Ibid., p. 174.

19
 Ibid., p. 178.

20
 For a snapshot of this crisis period see the memorandum from North Rhine-Westphalia Food and Agriculture Minister Heinrich Lübke, 20 March 1947 in NA Kew FO 1013/1038 Food and Agriculture, Food Situation – 99th and 100th Periods.

21
 NA Kew FO 1013/1038, as above, telegram from REO Düsseldorf-Hamburg, 31.3.1947. Düsseldorf-Mettmann and Wuppertal were the lowest at 834 and 827 respectively. Other cities in the Ruhr area varied between 1,028 and 1,336.

22
The Times
, 2 April 1947, p. 3, ‘Germany’s Food Supply’.

23
 Kopp,
Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland
, p. 188.

24
 Ibid., p. 189.

25
 Joel Carl Welty,
The Hunger Year: In the French Zone of Divided Germany 1946–1947
, pp. 155f.

26
 Steege,
Black Market, Cold War
, p. 85.

27
 Kopp,
Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland
, p. 178.

28
 Interview with Frau Marlies Weber (née Theby), 12 June 2009.

29
 NA Kew FO 1013/1499 Black Market Standing Committee 1945–1946 Report of 23 April 1946.

30
 See Appendix ‘B’ to the report of 23 April 1946, NA Kew, as above.

31
 NA Kew FO 1013/1499 Black Market Standing Committee 1945–1946, p. 43, Major Birtwhistle to Commander, 17 April 1946.

32
 NA Kew FO 1013/1499 Black Market Standing Committee 1945–1946, p. 39, British Special Legal Research Unit (London) to Mil.Gov Münster, 1 March 1946.

33
 NA Kew FO 936, Operation ‘Sparkler’ and Large Scale Black Market Activities, 17 July 1946, p. 7.

34
 Ibid., p. 8.

35
 Interview with Maurice Smelt.

36
The Times
, 13 November 1946: ‘Hand-to-Mouth in British Zone’.

37
 See the copy of the appeal made by SEN at its founding meeting in October 1945, in John Farquharson, ‘“Emotional but Influential”: Victor Gollancz, Richard Stokes and the British Zone of Germany, 1945–9’,
in
Journal of Contemporary History
, vol. 22, no. 3 (July 1987), pp. 514f.

38
 Quoted in George Clare,
Berlin Days
, p. 191.