Fields of Blood (89 page)

61.
Meir Ben Dov,
The Western Wall
(Jerusalem, 1983), pp. 146, 148, 146.

62.
Meron Benvenisti,
Jerusalem: The Torn City
(Jerusalem, 1975), p. 84.

63.
Ibid., p. 119.

64.
Psalm 72.4.

65.
Michael Rosenak, “Jewish Fundamentalism in Israeli Education,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms and Society
(Chicago and London, 1993), p. 392.

66.
Gideon Aran, “The Father, the Son and the Holy Land,” in R. Scott Appleby, ed.,
Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East
(Chicago, 1997), pp. 310, 311.

67.
Interview with
Maariv
(14 Nisan 572 [1963]), cited in Aviezer Ravitzky,
Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism,
trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 85.

68.
Ian S. Lustick,
For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel
(New York, 1988), p. 85; Aran, “Father, Son, and Holy Land,” p. 310.

69.
Samuel C. Heilman, “Guides of the Faithful, Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis,” in Appleby,
Spokesmen for the Despised,
p. 357.

70.
Ehud Sprinzak, “Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalism and the State
(Chicago and London, 1993), p. 472.

71.
Gideon Aran, “Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism: The Bloc of the Faithful in Israel,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms Observed,
p. 290.

72.
Ibid., p. 280.

73.
Ibid., p. 308.

74.
Keddie,
Roots of Revolution
, pp. 160–80.

75.
Mehrzad Borujerdi,
Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism
(Syracuse, NY, 1996), p. 26; Choueiri,
Islamic Fundamentalism,
p. 156.

76.
Michael J. Fischer, “Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding,” in Esposito,
Voices of Resurgent Islam,
p. 157.

77.
Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
pp. 154–56.

78.
Ibid., pp. 158–59; Momen,
Introduction to Shii Islam,
p. 254; Hamid Algar, “The Oppositional Role of the Ulema in Twentieth Century Iran,” in Keddie,
Scholars, Saints and Sufis,
p. 248.

79.
Willem M. Floor, “The Revolutionary Character of the Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality,” in Nikki R. Keddie, ed.,
Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution
(New Haven, CT, and London, 1983), appendix, p. 97.

80.
Hamid Algar, “The Fusion of the Mystical and the Political in the Personality and Life of Imam Khomeini,” lecture delivered at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, June 9, 1998.

81.
John XXIII,
Mater et Magistra,
“Christianity and Social Progress” in Claudia Carlen, ed.,
The Papal Encyclicals, 1740 – 1981 ,
5 vols. (Falls Church, VA, 1981), 5:63–64.

82.
Camilo Torres, “Latin America: Lands of Violence,” in J. Gerassi, ed.,
Revolutionary Priest: The Complete Writings and Messages of Camilo Torres
(New York, 1971), pp. 422–23.

83.
Thia Cooper, “Liberation Theology and the Spiral of Violence,” in Andrew R. Murphy, ed.,
The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence
(Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 543–55.

84.
Andrew Preston,
Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy
(New York, 2012), pp. 502–25.

85.
Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Strength to Love
(Philadelphia, 1963), p. 50.

86.
Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
pp. 282–83; Mehntad Borujerdi,
Islamic Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism
(Syracuse, NY, 1996), pp. 29–42.

87.
Akhavi,
Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran,
pp. 129–31.

88.
Algar, “Oppositional Role of the Ulema,” p. 251.

89.
Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
pp. 215–59; Sharough Akhavi, “Shariati’s Social
Thought,” in Keddie,
Religion and Politics in Iran;
Abdulaziz Sachedina, “Ali Shariati, Ideologue of the Islamic Revolution,” in Esposito,
Voices of Resurgent Islam;
Michael J. Fischer,
Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution
(Cambridge, MA, and London, 1980), pp. 154–67; Borujerdi,
Iranian Intellectuals,
pp. 106–15.

90.
Sayeed Ruhollah Khomeini,
Islam and Revolution,
trans. and ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, CA, 1981), p. 28.

91.
Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
p. 242; Fischer,
Iran,
p. 193.

92.
Gary Sick,
All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran
(London, 1985), p. 30.

93.
Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
p. 243.

94.
Fischer,
Iran,
p. 195.

95.
Momen,
Introduction to Shii Islam,
p. 288.

96.
Fischer,
Iran,
p. 184.

97.
Momen,
Introduction to Shii Islam,
p. 288.

98.
Fischer,
Iran,
pp. 198–99.

99.
Ibid., p. 199; Sick,
All Fall Down,
p. 51; Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
p. 250. The government claimed that only 120 demonstrators died and 2,000 were injured; others claimed between 500 and 1,000 dead.

100.
Fischer,
Iran,
p. 204.

101.
Ibid., p. 205. Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
pp. 252–53, believes that only one million took part.

102.
Amir Taheri,
The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution
(London, 1985), p. 227.

103.
Baqir Moin,
Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
(London, 1999), pp. 227–28.

104.
Daniel Brumberg, “Khomeini’s Legacy: Islamic Rule and Islamic Social Justice,” in Appleby,
Spokesmen for the Despised.

105.
Joos R. Hiltermann,
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja
(Cambridge, UK, 2007), pp. 22–36.

106.
Homa Katouzian, “Shiism and Islamic Economics: Sadr and Bani Sadr,” in Keddie,
Religion and Politics in Iran,
pp. 161–62.

107.
Michael J. Fischer, “Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding,” in Esposito,
Voices of Resurgent Islam,
p. 171.

108.
Sick,
All Fall Down,
p. 165.

109.
Hannah Arendt,
On Revolution
(New York, 1963), p. 18.

110.
Kautsky,
Political Consequences of Modernization,
pp. 60–127.

111.
William O. Beeman, “Images of the Great Satan: Representations of the United States in the Iranian Revolution,” in Keddie,
Religion and Politics in Iran,
p. 215.

1.
Rebecca Moore, “Narratives of Persecution, Suffering, and Martyrdom: Violence in the People’s Temple and Jonestown,” in James R. Lewis, ed.,
Violence and New Religious Movements
(Oxford, 2011); Moore, “American as Cherry Pie: The People’s Temple and Violence,” in Catherine Wessinger, ed.,
Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Circumstances
(Syracuse, NY, 1986); Wessinger,
How the Millennium Comes Violently: Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate
(New York, 2000); Mary Maaga,
Hearing the Voices of Jonestown
(Syracuse, NY, 1998).

2.
Moore, “Narratives of Persecution,” p. 102.

3.
Ibid., p. 103.

4.
Huey Newton,
Revolutionary Suicide
(New York, 1973).

5.
Moore, “Narratives of Persecution,” pp. 106, 108, 110.

6.
George Steiner,
In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes Towards the Redefinition of Culture
(New Haven, CT, 1971), p. 32.

7.
Zygmunt Bauman,
Modernity and the Holocaust
(Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 77–92.

8.
Joanna Bourke, “Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War,” in George Kassimeris, ed.,
The Barbarisation of Warfare
(London, 2006), p. 26.

9.
Amir Taheri,
The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution
(London, 1985), p. 85.

10.
Michael Barkun,
Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1994).

11.
Ibid., pp. 107, 109. There may be as few as 50,000 members.

12.
Barkun,
Religion and the Racist Right,
p. 213

13.
William T. Cavanaugh,
The Myth of Religious Violence
(Oxford, 2009), pp. 34–35.

14.
C. Gearty, “Introduction,” in C. Gearty, ed.,
Terrorism
(Aldershot, UK, 1996), p. xi.

15.
C. Gearty, “What Is Terror?,” ibid., p. 495; A. Guelke,
The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System
(London, 2008), p. 7.

16.
Richard English,
Terrorism: How to Respond
(Oxford, 2009), pp. 19–20.

17.
A. H. Kydd and B. F. Walter, “The Stratagems of Terrorism,”
International Security
31, no. 1 (Summer 2006).

18.
P. Wilkinson,
Terrorism Versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response
(London, 2001), pp. 19, 41; Mark Juergensmeyer,
Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence
(Berkeley, CA, 2001), p. 5; J. Horgan,
The Psychology of Terrorism
(London, 2005), p. 12; English,
Terrorism,
p. 6.

19.
Hugo Slim, “Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity and Enmity in War,”
International Affairs
79, no. 3 (2003).

20.
B. Hoffman,
Inside Terrorism
(London, 1998), p. 14; C. C. Harmon,
Terrorism Today
(London, 2008), p. 7; D. J. Whittaker, ed.,
The Terrorist Reader
(London, 2001), p. 9.

21.
Harmon,
Terrorism Today,
p. 160.

22.
Martha Crenshaw, “Reflections on the Effects of Terrorism,” in Crenshaw, ed.,
Terrorism, Legitimacy, and Power: The Consequences of Political Violence
(Middletown, CT, 1983), p. 25.

23.
Richard Dawkins,
The God Delusion
(London, 2007), p. 132.

24.
Cavanaugh,
Myth of Religious Violence,
pp. 24–54.

25.
Muhammad Heikal,
Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat
(London, 1984), pp. 94–96.

26.
Gilles Kepel,
The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt,
trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1985), p. 85.

27.
Fedwa El-Guindy, “The Killing of Sadat and After: A Current Assessment of Egypt’s Islamic Movement,”
Middle East Insight
2 (January/February 1982).

28.
Kepel,
Prophet and Pharaoh,
pp. 70–102.

29.
Ibid., pp. 152–59.

30.
Heikal,
Autumn of Fury,
pp. 118–19.

31.
Patrick D. Gaffney,
The Prophet’s Pulpit: Islamic Preaching in Contemporary Egypt
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1994), pp. 97–101, 141–42.

32.
Johannes J. G. Jansen,
The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East
(New York and London, 1988), pp. 49–88, 169.

33.
Ibid., p. 166.

34.
Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
Islam in Modern History
(Princeton, NJ, and London, 1957), p. 241.

35.
Ibid., pp. 90, 198, 201–2.

36.
English,
Terrorism,
p. 51.

37.
Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, “Activist Shi‘ism in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms Observed
(Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 404–5.

38.
Alastair Crooke,
Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution
(London, 2009), p. 173.

39.
Martin Kramer, “Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms and the State
(Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 540–41.

40.
Sheikh Muhammad Fadl Allah,
Al-Islam wa Muntiq al Quwwa
(Beirut, 1976), in Crooke,
Resistance,
p. 173.

41.
Kramer, “Hizbullah,” p. 542.

42.
Sachedina, “Activist Shi’ism,” p. 448.

43.
Interview with Fadl Allah,
Kayhan,
November 14, 1985; Kramer, “Hizbullah,” p. 551.

44.
Fadl Allah, speech,
Al-Nahar,
May 14, 1985; Kramer, “Hizbullah,” p. 550.

45.
Kramer, “Hizbullah,” pp. 548–49; Ariel Meroni, “The Readiness to Kill or Die: Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East,” in Walter Reich, ed.,
The Origins of Terrorism
(Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 204–5.

46.
Crooke,
Resistance,
pp. 175–76.

47.
Fadl Allah, interview,
Al-Shira,
March 18, 1985; Kramer, “Hizbullah,” pp. 552–53.

48.
Fadl Allah, interview,
La Repubblica,
August 28, 1989; Kramer, “Hizbullah,” p. 552.