Fields of Blood (87 page)

47.
Miller, “Puritan State,” p. 146.

48.
Thomas Jefferson to William Baldwin, January 19, 1810, in Dickenson W. Adams, ed.,
Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels
(Princeton, NJ, 1983), p. 345; Jefferson to Charles Clay, January 29, 1816, ibid., p. 364.

49.
Hatch,
Democratization of American Christianity,
pp. 68–157.

50.
Daniel Walker Howe, “Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North,” in Noll,
Religion and American Politics,
pp. 132–33; George M. Marsden, “Religion, Politics, and the Search for an American Consensus,” ibid., pp. 382–83.

51.
Mark A. Noll, “The Rise and Long Life of the Protestant Enlightenment in America,” in William M. Shea and Peter A. Huff, eds.,
Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Traditions and Modern Religious Thought
(New York, 1995); cf. D. W. Bebbington,
Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730 s to the 1980 s
(London, 1989), p. 74; Michael Gauvreau,
The Evangelical Century: College and Creed in English Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression
(Kingston, ON, and Montreal, 1991), pp. 13–56.

52.
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America,
ed. and trans. Harvey Claflin Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago, 2000), p. 43; Tocqueville’s emphasis.

53.
Henry F. May,
The Enlightenment in America
(New York, 1976); Mark A. Noll,
America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln
(Oxford and New York, 2002), pp. 93–95.

54.
Mark A. Noll,
The Civil War as a Theological Crisis
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), pp. 24–25.

55.
John M. Murrin, “A Roof Without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity” in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward E. Carter II, eds.,
Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American Identity
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1987), pp. 344–47.

56.
Noll,
Civil War,
pp. 25–28.

57.
Claude E. Welch, Jr.,
Political Modernization
(Belmont, CA, 1971), pp. 2–6.

58.
John H. Kautsky,
The Political Consequences of Modernization
(New York, London, Sydney, and Toronto, 1972), pp. 45–47.

59.
T. C. W. Blanning, “Epilogue: The Old Order Transformed,” in Euan Cameron,
Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 345–60; Michael Burleigh,
Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the French Revolution to the Great War
(New York, 1995), pp. 48–66.

60.
M. G. Hutt, “The Role of the Cures in the Estates General of 1789,”
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
6 (1955).

61.
George Lefebvre,
The Great Fear of 1789
, trans. R. R. Farmer and Joan White (Princeton, NJ, 1973).

62.
Philip G. Dwyer,
Talleyrand
(London, 2002), p. 24.

63.
Ibid., pp. 61–62.

64.
Mark A. Noll,
The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity
(Grand Rapids, MI, 2002), pp. 82–83; Gertrude Himmelfarb,
The Roads to Modernity
(New York, 2004), pp. 18–19.

65.
Burleigh,
Earthly Powers,
pp. 96–101; Claude Petitfrère, “The Origins of the Civil War in the Vendée,”
French History
2 (1988): 99–100.

66.
Instructions from the Committee of Public Safety (1794), cited in Burleigh,
Earthly Powers,
p. 100.

67.
Reynald Secher,
Le génocide franco-français: La Vendée-vengée
(Paris, 1986), pp. 158–59.

68.
Jonathan North, “General Hocte and Counterinsurgency,”
Journal of Military History
67 (2003).

69.
Mircea Eliade,
Patterns in Comparative Religion,
trans. Rosemary Sheed (London, 1958), p. 11.

70.
Burleigh,
Earthly Powers,
pp. 79–80, 76.

71.
Jules Michelet,
Historical View of the French Revolution from Its Earliest Indications to the Flight of the King in 1791
, trans. C. Cooks (London, 1888), p. 393.

72.
Burleigh,
Earthly Powers,
p. 81.

73.
Boyd C. Schafer,
Nationalism, Myth and Reality
(New York, 1952), p. 142.

74.
Alexis de Tocqueville,
The Old Regime and the French Revolution,
ed. François Furet and Françoise Melonio (Chicago, 1998), 1:101.

75.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Politics and the Arts, Letter to M. D’Alembert on the Theatre,
trans. Allan Bloom (Ithaca, NY, 1960), p. 126.

76.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings,
ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, UK, 1997), pp. 150–51.

77.
Donald Greer,
The Incidence of Terror in the French Revolution
(Gloucester, MA, 1935).

78.
John Keegan,
A History of Warfare
(London and New York, 1993), pp. 348–59; Robert L. O’Connell,
Of Arms and Men: A History of Weapons and Aggression
(New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 174–88; William H. McNeill,
The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since AD 1000
(Chicago, 1984), pp. 185–215.

79.
Russell Weigley,
The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo
(Bloomington, IN, 1991), O’Connell,
Of Arms and Men,
pp. 148–50.

80.
John U. Neff,
War and Human Progress: An Essay on the Rise of Industrial Civilization
(New York, 1950), pp. 204–5; Theodore Ropp,
War in the Modern World
(Durham, NC, 1959), pp. 25–26.

81.
Keegan,
History of Warfare,
p. 344; O’Connell,
Arms and Men,
pp. 157–66; McNeill,
Pursuit of Power,
p. 172.

82.
Quoted in McNeill,
Pursuit of Power,
p. 192.

83.
Keegan,
History of Warfare,
pp. 350, 351–52.

84.
O’ Connell,
Arms and Men,
p. 185.

85.
George Annesley,
The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History
(Durham, UK, 1997), p. 7.

86.
Nicholas Turc: Chronique d’Égypte, 1798–1804
, ed. and trans. Gaston Wait (Cairo, 1950), p. 78.

87.
Peter Jay,
Road to Riches, or The Wealth of Man
(London, 2000), pp. 205–36; Gerhard E. Lenski,
Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification
(Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1966), pp. 297–392; Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam,
Conscience and History in a World Civilization,
3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), 3:195–201.

88.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:194.

89.
John H. Kautsky,
The Politics of Aristocratic Empires,
2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 1997), p. 349. Even fascist governments were coalitions.

90.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:199–201; G. W. F. Hegel,
Elements of the Philosophy of Right,
ed. Allen W. Wood, trans. H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge, UK, 1991), paragraphs 246, 248.

91.
John H. Kautsky,
The Political Consequences of Modernization
(New York, London, Sydney, and Toronto, 1972), pp. 60–61.

92.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:208; Bassam Tibi,
The Crisis of Political Islam: A Pre-Industrial Culture in the Scientific-Technological Age
(Salt Lake City, UT, 1988), pp. 1–25.

93.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:210–12.

94.
O’Connell,
Of Arms and Men,
p. 235; Percival Spear,
India
(Ann Arbor, MI, 1961), p. 270.

95.
Daniel Gold, “Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms Observed
(Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 534–37.

96.
Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind
(New York, 1964), pp. 61–62.

97.
Patwant Singh,
The Sikhs
(New York, 1999).

98.
Guru Garth Sahib, 1136, cited ibid., p. 18.

99.
John Clark Archer,
The Sikhs in Relation to Hindus, Christians, and Ahmadiyas
(Princeton, NJ, 1946), p. 170.

100.
T. N. Madan, “Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms,
p. 602.

101.
Kenneth W. Jones, “The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947,” in Robert D. Baird, ed.,
Religion in Modern India
(Delhi, 1981), pp. 50–52.

102.
Madan, “Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition,” p. 605.

103.
Ibid., pp. 603–6.

104.
Harjot S. Oberoi, “From Ritual to Counter Ritual: Rethinking the Hindu-Sikh Question, 1884–1015,” in Joseph T. O’Connell, ed.,
Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century
(Toronto, 1988), pp. 136–40.

105.
N. Gould Barrier, “Sikhs and Punjab Politics,” ibid.

106.
Madan, “Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition,” p. 617.

107.
Mumtaz Ahmad, “Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jama’at-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms,
p. 460.

108.
O’Connell,
Arms and Men,
pp. 231–35, 191, 233.

109.
G. W. Stevans,
With Kitchener to Khartoum
(London, 1898), p. 300.

110.
Sir John Ardagh, speech, June 22, 1899, in
The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conference
(London, 1920), pp. 286–87.

111.
Elbridge Colby, “How to Fight Savage Tribes,”
American Journal of International Law
21, no. 2 (1927); author’s emphasis.

112.
Ernest Gellner,
Nations and Nationalism: New Perspectives on the Past
(Oxford, 1983), passim.

113.
Anthony Giddens,
The Nation-State and Violence
(Berkeley, CA, 1987), p. 89.

114.
Ibid., pp. 85–89; William T. Cavanaugh,
Migrations of the Holy: God, State, and the Political Meaning of the Church
(Grand Rapids, MI, 2011), pp. 18–19.

115.
Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
(London and New York, 2003).

116.
Mark Levene,
Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State,
vol. 3:
The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide
(London and New York, 2005), pp. 26–27, 112–20;
David Stannard,
American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
(New York and Oxford, 1992), p. 120; Ward Churchill,
A Little Matter of Genocide, Holocaust, and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present
(San Francisco, 1997), p. 150; Anthony F. C. Wallace,
Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans
(Cambridge, MA, 1999).

117.
Norman Cantor,
The Sacred Chain: A History of the Jews
(London, 1995), pp. 236–37.

118.
John Stuart Mill,
Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representational Government
(London, 1910), pp. 363–64.

119.
Quoted in Antony Smith,
Myths and Memories of the Nation
(Oxford, 1999), p. 33.

120.
Cited in Levene,
Genocide,
pp. 150–51. Cf. C. A. Macartney,
National States and National Minorities
(London, 1934), p. 17.

121.
Bruce Lincoln,
Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion After September 11
, 2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 62–63.

122.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, “What a People Is, and What Is Love of Fatherland,” in Fichte,
Addresses to the German Nation,
ed. and trans. Gregory Moore (Cambridge, UK, 2008), p. 105.

123.
Zinn,
People’s History,
pp. 23–58; Basil Davidson,
The African Slave Trade
(Boston, 1961); Stanley Elkins,
Slavery: A Problem of American Institutional and Intellectual Life
(Chicago, 1796); Edmund S. Morgan,
American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia
(New York, 1975).

124.
Leviticus 25:45–46; Genesis 9:25–27, 17:12; Deuteronomy 20:10–11; I Corinthians 7:21; Romans 13:1,7; Colossians 3:22, 4:1; I Timothy 6:1–2; Philemon.

125.
Rev. J. H. Thornwell, “Our National Sins,” in
Fast Day Sermons or The Pulpit on the State of the Country,
ed. anonymous (1890; reprint Charleston, SC, 2009 ed.), p. 48.

126.
Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, “Peace, Be Still,” ibid., p. 276.

127.
Rev. Henry J. Van Dyke, “The Character and Influence of Abolitionism,” ibid., p. 137.

128.
Tayler Lewis, “Patriarchal and Jewish Servitude: No Argument for American Slavery” ibid., p. 180.

129.
Noll,
Civil War
, pp. 1–8.

130.
Ibid., pp. 19–22; Mark A. Noll, “The Rise and Long Life of the Protestant Enlightenment in America,” in William M. Shea and Peter A. Huff, eds.,
Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Trends and Modern Thought
(New York, 1995), pp. 84–124; Henry F. May,
The Enlightenment in America
(New York, 1976), passim.