Fields of Blood (88 page)

131.
James M. McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
(New York, 1997), p. 63; McPherson, “Afterword,” in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.,
Religion and the American Civil War
(New York, 1998), p. 412.

132.
McPherson,
For Cause and Comrades,
pp. 52–79.

133.
Henry Ward Beecher, “Abraham Lincoln,” in Beecher,
Patriotic Addresses in America and England, from 1850 to 1885 …
(New York, 1887), p. 711.

134.
Horace Bushnell, “Our Obligations to the Dead,” in Bushnell,
Building Eras in Religion
(New York, 1881), pp. 328–29.

135.
O’Connell,
Arms and Men,
pp. 189–96.

136.
Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson,
Attack and Die: The Civil War, Military Tactics, and Southern Heritage
(Montgomery, AL, 1982), pp. 4–7.

137.
Bruce Cotton,
Grant Takes Command
(Boston, 1968), p. 262.

138.
O’Connell,
Arms and Men,
pp. 198–99.

139.
Noll,
Civil War,
pp. 90–92.

140.
Alister McGrath,
The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World
(London and New York, 2006), pp. 52–55, 60–66.

141.
James R. Moore, “Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis in the Nineteenth Century,” in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds.,
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
(New York, 1986), pp. 341–43.

142.
Noll,
Civil War,
pp. 159–62.

143.
Richard Maxwell Brown,
Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism
(New York, 1975), pp. 217–18.

144.
O’Connell,
Arms and Men,
pp. 202–10; McNeill,
Pursuit of Power,
pp. 242–55.

145.
I. F. Clarke,
Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars 1763–3749
, rev. ed. (Oxford and New York, 1992), pp. 37–88.

146.
Paul Johnson,
A History of the Jews
(London, 1987), p. 365.

147.
Zygmunt Bauman,
Modernity and the Holocaust
(Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 40–77.

148.
Amos Elon,
The Israelis: Founders and Sons,
2nd ed.(London, 1981), pp. 112, 338.

149.
Eric J. Leed,
No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I
(Cambridge, UK, 1979), pp. 39–72.

150.
Stefan Zweig,
The World of Yesterday,
trans. Anthea Bell (New York, 1945), p. 224.

151.
Leed,
No Man’s Land,
p. 55.

152.
Ibid., p. 47; Zweig,
World of Yesterday,
p. 24.

153.
Quoted in H. Hafkesbrink,
Unknown Germany: An Inner Chronicle of the First World War Based on Letters and Diaries
(New Haven, CT, 1948), p. 37.

154.
Rudolf G. Binding,
Erlebtes Leben
(Frankfurt, 1928), p. 237, cited in Leed,
No Man’s Land,
p. 43.

155.
Carl Zuckmayer,
Pro Domo
(Stockholm, 1938), pp. 34–35.

156.
Franz Schauwecker,
The Fiery Way,
trans. Thonald Holland (London and Toronto, 1929), p. 29.

157.
Quoted in Carl E. Schorske,
German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism
(Cambridge, MA, 1955), p. 390.

158.
Leed,
No Man’s Land,
p. 29.

159.
Philipp Witkop, ed.,
Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten
(Munich, 1936), p. 100, cited ibid.

160.
T. E. Lawrence,
The Mint
(New York, 1963), p. 32.

161.
Simone de Beauvoir,
Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter
(New York, 1974), p. 180.

162.
Emilio Lussu,
Sardinian Brigade
(New York, 1939), p. 167.

1.
I have explained this at length in
The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism
(London and New York, 2000).

2.
John Calvin, Commentary on Genesis 1:6, in
The Commentaries of John Calvin on the Old Testament,
30 vols. (Westminster, UK, 1643–48), 1:86. For a fuller account of the traditional nonliteral interpretation of scripture in both Judaism and Christianity, see my
The Bible: The Biography
(London and New York, 2007).

3.
Charles Hodge,
What Is Darwinism?
(Princeton, NJ, 1874), p. 142.

4.
2 Thessalonians 2:3–12; Revelation 16:15; Paul Boyer,
When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in American Culture
(Cambridge, MA, 1992), p. 192; George M. Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture
(Oxford, 2006), pp. 154–55.

5.
Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
pp. 90–92; Robert C. Fuller,
Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession
(Oxford, 1995), p. 119.

6.
Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
pp. 184–89; R. Laurence Moore,
Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans
(Oxford and New York, 1986), pp. 160–63; Ronald L. Numbers,
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1992), pp. 41–44, 48–50; Ferenc Morton
Szasz,
The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880–
1930
(University, AL, 1982), pp. 117–35.

7.
Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
pp. 187–88.

8.
Aurobindo Ghose,
Essays on the Gita
(Pondicherry, 1972), p. 39.

9.
Louis Fischer, ed.,
The Essential Gandhi
(New York, 1962), p. 193.

10.
Mahatma Gandhi, “My Mission,”
Young India,
April 3, 1924, in Judith M. Brown, ed.,
Mahatma Gandhi: Essential Writings
(Oxford and New York, 2008), p. 5.

11.
Mahatma Gandhi, “Farewell,”
An Autobiography,
ibid., p. 65.

12.
Kenneth W. Jones, “The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947” in Robert D. Baird, ed.,
Religion in Modern India
(Delhi, 1981), pp. 44–45.

13.
Radhey Shyam Pareek,
Contribution of Arya Samaj in the Making of Modern India, 1875 – 1947
(New Delhi, 1973), pp. 325–26.

14.
Daniel Gold, “Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms Observed
(Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 533–42.

15.
Vinayak Damdar Savarkar,
Hindutva
(Bombay, 1969), p. 1.

16.
Gold, “Organized Hinduisms,” pp. 575–80.

17.
M. S. Golwalkar,
We or Our Nationhood Defined
(Nagpur, 1939), pp. 47–48, 35.

18.
Sudhir Kakar,
The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict
(Chicago and London, 1996), pp. 31, 38.

19.
Gold, “Organized Hinduisms,” pp. 531–32; Sushil Srivastava, “The Ayodhya Controversy: A Third Dimension,”
Probe India,
January 1988.

20.
Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi,
The Islamic Way of Life
(Lahore, 1979), p. 37.

21.
Charles T. Adams, “Mawdudi and the Islamic State,” in John Esposito, ed.,
Voices of Resurgent Islam
(New York and Oxford, 1983); Youssef M. Choueiri,
Islamic Fundamentalism: The Story of Islamist Movements
(London and New York, 2010), pp. 94–139.

22.
Mumtaz Ahmad, “Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms,
pp. 487–500.

23.
Abul Ala Mawdudi,
Tafhim-al-Qur’an,
in Mustansire Mir, “Some Features of Mawdudi’s Tafhim al-Quran,”
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
2, no. 2 (1985): 242.

24.
Introducing the Jamaat-e Islami Hind,
in Ahmad, “Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia,” pp. 505–6.

25.
Ibid., pp. 500–501.

26.
Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ushaq Ansari,
Islamic Perspectives
(Leicester, UK, 1979), pp. 378–81.

27.
Abul Ala Mawdudi, “Islamic Government,”
Asia
20 (September 1981): 9.

28.
Rafiuddin Ahmed, “Redefining Muslim Identity in South Asia: The Transformation of the Jama’at-i-Islami,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby,
Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements
(Chicago and London, 1994), p. 683.

29.
The
Ahmadis were said to be
heretical because their founder, M. G. Ahmad (d. 1908), had claimed to be a prophet.

30.
Ahmad, “Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia,” pp. 587–89.

31.
Abul Ala Mawdudi, “How to Establish Islamic Order in the Country,”
Universal Message,
May 1983, pp. 9–10.

32.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization,
3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), 3:218–19.

33.
George Annesley,
The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History
(Durham, UK, 1997), pp. 62, 51–56.

34.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:71.

35.
Nikki R. Keddie,
Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran
(New Haven, CT, and London, 1981), pp. 72–73, 82.

36.
John Kautsky,
The Political Consequences of Modernization
(New York, London, Sydney, and Toronto, 1972), pp. 146–47.

37.
Bruce Lincoln,
Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion After September 11 ,
2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 63–65.

38.
Daniel Crecelius, “Non-Ideological Responses of the Ulema to Modernization,” in Nikki R. Keddie, ed.,
Scholars, Saints, and Sufis:
Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1972), pp. 181–82.

39.
Gilles Kepel,
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam,
trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), p. 53.

40.
Alastair Crooke,
Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution
(London, 2009), pp. 54–58.

41.
Bobby Sayyid,
A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism
(London, 1997), p. 57.

42.
Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:262.

43.
Donald Bloxham,
The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians
(Oxford, 2007), p. 59.

44.
Quoted in Joanna Bourke, “Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War,” in George Kassimeris, ed.,
The Barbarisation of Warfare
(London, 2006), p. 29.

45.
Moojan Momen,
An Introduction to Shii Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism
(New Haven, CT, and London, 1985), p. 251; Keddie,
Roots of Revolution,
pp. 93–94.

46.
Azar Tabari, “The Role of Shii Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics,” in Nikki R. Keddie, ed.,
Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution
(New Haven, CT, and London, 1983), p. 63.

47.
Shahrough Akhavi,
Religion and Politics in Contemporary Islam: Clergy-State Relations in the Pahlavi Period
(Albany, NY, 1980), pp. 58–59.

48.
Majid Fakhry,
History of Islamic Philosophy
(New York, 1970), pp. 376–81; Bassam Tibi,
Arab Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry,
trans. Marion Farouk Slugett and Peter Slugett, 2nd ed. (London, 1990), pp. 90–93; Albert Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798 – 1939
(Cambridge, UK, 1983), pp. 130–61; Hodgson,
Venture of Islam,
3:274–76.

49.
Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer,
Modern Egypt,
2 vols. (New York, 1908), 2:184.

50.
Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age,
pp. 224, 230, 240–43.

51.
John Esposito, “Islam and Muslim Politics,” in Esposito,
Voices of Resurgent Islam,
p. 10; Richard P. Mitchell,
The Society of Muslim Brothers
(New York and Oxford, 1969), passim.

52.
Mitchell,
Society of Muslim Brothers,
p. 8. The story and speech may be apocryphal, but it expresses the spirit of the early Brotherhood.

53.
Ibid., pp. 9–13, 328.

54.
Anwar Sadat,
Revolt on the Nile
(New York, 1957), pp. 142–43.

55.
Mitchell,
Society of Muslim Brothers,
pp. 205–6, 302.

56.
John O. Voll, “Fundamentalisms in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms,
pp. 369–74; Yvonne Haddad, “Sayyid Qutb,” in Esposito,
Voices of Resurgent Islam;
Choueiri,
Islamic Fundamentalism,
pp. 96–151.

57.
Qutb,
Fi Zilal al-Quran,
2:924–25.

58.
Harold Fisch,
The Zionist Revolution: A New Perspective
(Tel Aviv and London, 1968), pp. 77, 87.

59.
Theodor Herzl,
The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl,
ed. R. Patai, 2 vols. (London and New York, 1960), 2:793–94.

60.
Mircea Eliade,
The Sacred and the Profane,
trans. Willard J. Trask (New York, 1959), p. 21.