Fields of Blood (84 page)

23.
Georges Duby,
The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined,
trans. Arthur Goldhammer (London, 1980), p. 151; Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 3.

24.
Marc Bloch,
Feudal Society,
trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), pp. 296, 298.

25.
Georges Duby,
The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century,
trans. Howard B. Clarke (Ithaca, NY, 1974), p. 49.

26.
Duby, “Origins of System of Social Classification,” pp. 91–92.

27.
The first extant formulations of this system have been found in a poem by
Adalbéron of Laon (c. 1028–30) and
Gesta episcoporum cameracensium
by Bishop Gerard of Cambrai, c. 1025; but there may have been earlier versions. George Duby, “Origins of Knighthood,” p. 165.

28.
Bishop Merbad of Rennes, cited in J. P. Migne, ed.,
Patrologia Latina
(Paris 1844–64), vol. 1971, pp. 1483–34; Baldric of Bol, in
Patrologia Latina,
vol. 162, pp. 1058–59: R. I. Moore,
The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250
(Oxford, 1987), p. 102.

29.
Maurice Keen,
Chivalry
(New Haven, CT, and London, 1984), pp. 46–47.

30.
Thomas Head and Richard Landes, eds.,
The Peace of God: Social Justice and Religious Response in France Around the Year 1000
(Ithaca, NY, 1992); Tomaz Mastnak,
Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2002), pp. 1–18; Duby,
Chivalrous Society,
pp. 126–31; H. E. J. Cowdrey, “The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century,”
Past and Present
46 (1970).

31.
James Westfall Thompson,
Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages
(New York, 1928), p. 668.

32.
The Council of Narbonne (1054), in Duby,
Chivalrous Society,
p. 132.

33.
Glaber,
Historiarum
V:i:25, cited in Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
p. 11.

34.
Duby, “Origins of Knighthood,” p. 169.

35.
P. A. Sigal, “Et les marcheurs de Dieu prirent leurs armes,”
L’histoire
47 (1982); Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 10.

36.
Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
pp. 7–8.

37.
Ibid., pp. 17–27.

38.
Urban, Letter to the Counts of Catalonia, cited ibid., p. 20.

39.
Matthew 19:29.

40.
Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
pp. 130–36.

41.
Sigal, “Et les marcheurs de Dieu,” p. 23; Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 23.

42.
Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
pp. 48–49.

43.
“Chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan,” in
The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades,
trans. and ed. Shlomo Eidelberg (London, 1977), p. 80.

44.
Guibert of Nogent,
De Vita Sua
II:1, cited in
Monodies and On the Relics of the Saints: The Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades,
trans. and ed. Joseph McAlhany and Jay Rubinstein (London, 2011), p. 97.

45.
Henri Pirenne,
Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe,
trans. I. E. Clegg (New York, 1956), pp. 7, 10–12.

46.
John H. Kautzky,
The Political Consequences of Modernization
(New York, London, Sydney, and Toronto, 1972), p. 48.

47.
Georges Duby, “The Transformation of the Aristocracy,” in
Chivalrous Society,
p. 82.

48.
Norman Cohn,
Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages
(London, 1984), pp. 68–70.

49.
Duby, “The Juventus,” in
Chivalrous Society,
pp. 112–21.

50.
Cohn,
Pursuit of the Millennium,
p. 63.

51.
Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 46.

52.
Ralph of Caen,
Gesta Tancredi, Recueil des historiens des croisades,
ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1841–1900) [
RHC
], 3, cited in Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 36.

53.
E. O. Blake, “The Formation of the ‘Crusade Idea,’ ”
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
21, no. 1 (1970); Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
pp. 56–57.

54.
The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem,
trans. Rosalind Hill (London, 1962), p. 27.

55.
Fulcher of Chartres,
A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1098–1127,
trans. and ed. Frances Rita Ryan (Knoxville, TN, 1969), p. 96.

56.
Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 91.

57.
Ibid., pp. 84–85, 117.

58.
John Fowles,
The Magus,
rev. ed. (London, 1997), p. 413.

59.
Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
p. 66.

60.
Deeds of the Franks,
p. 91.

61.
Raymond in
The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants,
ed. and trans. August C. Krey (Princeton, NJ, and London, 1921), p. 266.

62.
Fulcher,
History of the Expedition,
p. 102.

63.
Raymond in Krey,
First Crusade,
p. 266.

64.
Robert the Monk,
Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC,
3, p. 741.

65.
Fulcher,
History of the Expedition,
pp. 66–67; Robert the Monk,
Historia,
p. 725; Riley-Smith,
First Crusade,
p. 143.

66.
Keegan,
History of Warfare,
p. 295.

67.
Bernard,
In Praise of the New Knighthood,
2:3, 2, 1, cited in
In Praise of the New Knighthood: A Treatise on the Knights Templar and the Holy Places of Jerusalem,
trans. M. Conrad Greenia, OCSO (Collegeville, MN, 2008).

68.
Ibid., 3:5.

69.
Amin Maalouf,
The Crusades Through Arab Eyes,
trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1984), pp. 38–39. The figures quoted by
Ibn al-Athir are clearly exaggerated, since the city’s population at this time was no more than ten thousand.

70.
Michael Bonner,
Jihad in Islamic History
(Princeton, NJ, and Oxford, 2006), pp. 137–38.

71.
Izz ad-Din ibn al-Athir,
The Perfect History
X.92, in
Arab Historians of the
Crusades,
trans. and ed. Francesco Gabrieli (London, Melbourne, and Henley, 1978).

72.
Carole Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
(Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 75–81.

73.
Maalouf,
Crusades Through Arab Eyes,
pp. 2–3.

74.
Bonner,
Jihad in Islamic History,
pp. 139–40; Emmanuel Sivan, “Genèse de contre-croisade: un traité damasquin de début du XIIe siècle,”
Journal Asiatique
254 (1966).

75.
R. A. Nicholson,
The Mystics of Islam
(London, 1963), p. 105.

76.
Ibn al-Qalanisi,
History of Damascus
173, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades.

77.
Kamal ad-Din,
The Cream of the Milk in the History of Aleppo,
2:187–90, ibid.

78.
Maalouf,
Crusades Through Arab Eyes,
p. 147.

79.
Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani,
Zubat al-nuores,
in Hillebrand,
Crusades,
p. 113.

80.
All quotations are from Ibn al-Athir,
Perfect History,
11:264–67, in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades.

81.
Baha ad-Din,
Sultanly Anecdotes,
ibid., p. 100.

82.
Ibn al-Athir,
Perfect History,
ibid., pp. 141–42.

83.
Ibn al-Athir,
Perfect History,
in Maalouf,
Crusades Through Arab Eyes,
pp. 205–6.

84.
Christopher J. Tyerman, “Sed nihil fecit? The Last Capetians and the Recovery of the Holy Land,” in J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt, eds.,
War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honor of J. O. Prestwich
(Totowa, NJ, 1984); Norman Housley,
The Later Crusades, 1274–1580 : From Lyons to Alcazar
(Oxford, 1992), pp. 12–30; Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
pp. 139–40.

85.
Two contrasting views are given in R. W. Southern,
The Making of the Middle Ages
(New Haven, CT, and London, 1953), pp. 56–62, and Steven Runciman,
A History of the Crusades,
3 vols. (Cambridge, UK, 1954), 2:474–77.

86.
Hillenbrand,
Crusades,
pp. 249–50.

87.
David Abulafia,
Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
(New York and Oxford, 1992), pp. 197–98.

88.
John Esposito,
Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
(Oxford, 2002), pp. 43–46; David Cook,
Understanding Jihad
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2005), pp. 63–66; Bonner,
Jihad in Islamic History,
pp. 143–44; Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam, Conscience and History in a World Civilization,
3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), 2:468–71; Natana J. Delong-Bas,
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
(Cairo, 2005), pp. 247–55; Hillenbrand,
Crusades,
pp. 241–43.

89.
Moore,
Formation of Persecuting Society,
pp. 26–43.

90.
H. G. Richardson,
The English Jewry Under the Angevin Kings
(London, 1960), p. 8; John H. Mundy,
Liberty and Political Power in Toulouse
(New York, 1954), p. 325.

91.
Moshe Gil,
A History of Palestine, 634–1099,
trans. Ethel Broido (Cambridge, UK, 1992), pp. 370–80; F. E. Peters,
The Distant Shrine: The Islamic Centuries in Jerusalem
(New York, 1993), pp. 73–74, 92–96. The
Greeks called the Anastasis that enshrined Christ’s
Tomb the Church of the Resurrection; the Crusaders would rename it the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

92.
Cohn,
Pursuit of the Millennium,
pp. 76–78, 80, 86–87.

93.
Ibid., pp. 87–88.

94.
Moore,
Formation of Persecuting Society,
pp. 105–6.

95.
Ibid., pp. 84–85; Richardson,
English Jewry,
pp. 50–63.

96.
Peter Abelard,
Dialogus
51, in
A Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian,
trans. P. J. Payer (Toronto, 1979), p. 33.

97.
M. Montgomery Watt,
The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe
(Edinburgh, 1972), pp. 74–86.

98.
Duby, “Introduction,” in
Chivalrous Society,
pp. 9–11.

99.
Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith,
The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274
(London, 1981), pp. 78–79.

100.
Ibid., pp. 83, 85.

101.
Zoé Oldenbourg,
Le B
û
cher de Montségur
(Paris, 1959), pp. 115–16.

102.
Ibid., p. 89.

103.
G. D. Mansi,
Sacrorum Consiliorum nova et amplissima collectio
(Paris and Leipzig, 1903), 21:843, in Moore,
Formation of Persecuting Society,
p. 111.

104.
Norman Cohn,
Warrant for Genocide
(London, 1967), p. 12.

105.
Peter the Venerable,
Summary of the Whole Heresy of the Diabolic Sect of the Saracens,
in Norman Daniel,
Islam and the West: The Making of an Image
(Edinburgh, 1960), p. 124.

106.
Benjamin Kedar,
Crusade and Mission: European Approaches to the Muslims
(Princeton, NJ, 1984), p. 101.

107.
Moore,
Formation of Persecuting Society,
pp. 60–67.

108.
Ibid., pp. 102, 110–11.

109.
Carl Erdmann,
The Origin of the Idea of Crusade,
trans. Marshall W. Baldwin and Walter Goffart (Princeton, NJ, 1977), p. 19.

110.
King Arthur’s Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte d’Arthur and the Alliterative Morte d’Arthur,
ed. and trans. Larry Benson (Kalamazoo, MI, 1994), line 247.

111.
The Song of Roland,
line 2196, all trans. Dorothy L. Sayers (Harmondsworth, UK, 1957).

112.
Ibid., lines 2240, 2361.

113.
Ibid., lines 1881–82.

114.
Keen,
Chivalry,
pp. 60–63.

115.
The Quest of the Holy Grail,
trans. and ed. P. M. Matarasso (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), pp. 119–20.

116.
Franco Cardini, “The Warrior and Knight,” in Jacques LeGoff, ed.,
The Medieval World: The History of European Society,
trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (London, 1987), p. 95.

117.
Raoul de Hodenc,
“Le roman des eles” and Anonymous, “ordene de chevalerie”: Two Early Old French Didactic Poems,
ed. Keith Busby (Philadelphia, 1983), p. 175.

118.
Richard W. Kaeuper,
Holy Warriors: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry
(Philadelphia, 2009), pp. 53–57.