For the Thrill of It: Leopold, Loeb, and the Murder That Shocked Jazz Age Chicago (64 page)

2.
“Expert Seeks Murder Gland,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 13 June 1924; “Work in Death Cell to Save Boy Slayers,”
Chicago Daily News
, 13 June 1924.

3.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1958–1960.

4.
Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 2; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 2.

5.
Julia Ellen Rechter, “‘The Glands of Destiny’: A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America” (PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1997), xvii; John Chynoweth Burnham, “The New Psychology: From Narcissism to Social Control,” in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody,
Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The 1920s
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1968), 351–398.

6.
Benjamin Harrow,
Glands in Health and Disease
(New York: Dutton, 1922), 14–19, 23–25; André Tridon,
Psychoanalysis and Gland Personalities
(New York: Brentano’s, 1923), 48, 51–60.

7.
R. G. Hoskins, “The Functions of the Endocrine Glands,”
Scientific Monthly
18 (March 1924): 257–272.

8.
Herman H. Rubin,
The Glands of Life
(New York: Bellaire, 1935), 26–30, 32–33; Tridon,
Psychoanalysis
, 18–21; Harrow,
Glands
, 93–97, 135–138, 140–144.

9.
J. M. Murdock, “Endocrine Disturbances in Mental Defectives,”
Pennsylvania Medical Journal
25 (1921): 50; Nolan D. C. Lewis and Gertrude R. Davies, “A Correlative Study of Endocrine Imbalance and Mental Disease,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
54 (1921): 385–405, 493–512; 55 (1922): 13–32.

10.
Karl M. Bowman, “Blood Chemistry in Mental Diseases,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
, 2nd ser., 2 (1922–1923): 379–408.

11.
Karl M. Bowman, Joseph P. Eidson, and Stanley P. Burladge, “Bio-chemical Studies in Ten Cases of Dementia Praecox,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
187 (1922): 358–362, quotation on 362.

12.
Karl M. Bowman and G. P. Grabfield, “Basal Metabolism in Mental Disease,”
Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
9 (1923): 358–361, quotation on 360.

13.
“Weird Apparatus in Slayers’ Aid,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 15 June 1924; “More Doctors Test Leopold and Loeb,”
Chicago Daily News
, 14 June 1924; “Test Slayers with Oxygen,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 14 June 1924.

14.
“Work in Death Cell,”
Chicago Daily News
, 13 June 1924; “Expert Seeks”; “Leopold-Loeb Defense Now Is Seen as Insanity,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 13 June 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 1989, 2093.

15.
Trial Transcript, fol. 1989; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 52.

16.
Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 75; “Leopold, Jr., under Test of Mental Experts,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 16 June 1924.

17.
“Needle Charts Leopold’s Mind,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 17 June 1924; “Experts Use ‘Flattery Machine’ to Test Leopold’s Vanity,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 17 June 1924; “Defense Alienists Find Leopold and Loeb Abnormal,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 16 June 1924.

18.
“X-Ray Now to Seek Flaws in Boy Slayers,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 18 June 1924; “Needle Charts,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 17 June 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 2096–2097.

19.
Tal Golan,
Laws of Men and Laws of Nature: The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 183–197.

20.
Trial Transcript, fol. 1994; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 59; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 82.

21.
Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fols. 60–62.

k1

22.
Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 83–85; Trial Transcript, fols. 2061–2062.

23.
“Leopold-Loeb Tests Fail, Hint,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 18 June 1924; Fred D. Pasley, “Are Glands or Boys to Blame in Franks Case?”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 18 June 1924.

24.
“Leopold Angry over His Tests,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 18 June 1924; “Leopold Spurns Insanity Defense,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 18 June 1924.

25.
“Concludes Test of Franks Killers,”
Chicago Evening Post
, 17 June 1924.

26.
“Leopold’s Jail-Break Plot Foiled by Warden,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 28 June 1924.

27.
“Another Expert Here to Test Slayers,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 2 July 1924; Leola Allard, “U.S. Expert to Test Slayers,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 1 July 1924.

28.
Lawrence C. Moore, “William A. White—A Biography (1870–1937),” in Arcangelo R. T. D’Amore, ed.,
William Alanson White: The Washington Years, 1903
–
1937
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976), 13–14.

29.
William A. White,
Forty Years of Psychiatry
(New York, 1933), 28–32; Arcangelo R. T. D’Amore, “William Alanson White—Pioneer Psychoanalyst,” in D’Amore,
William Alanson White
, 69–71.

30.
William Alanson White Notes (Loeb), fols. 2, 3.

31.
Ibid., fols. 6–7, 20–21.

32.
William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 14.

33.
Ibid., fols. 16, 17.

34.
Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/4025 (William Alanson White), fols. 15–16, 18, 35–36.

35.
“Other Holidays Recalled on 4th by Loeb, Leopold,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 5 July 1924.

36.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1433–1434; William Healy,
The Individual Delinquent: A Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders
(Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1915).

37.
James W. Trent Jr.,
Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental Retardation in the United States
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 141–142, 155–166; Leila Zenderland,
Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 235–250.

k1

38.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1455–1475.

39.
Ibid., fols. 1516–1525.

40.
“Franks Defense Expert Staff Still Growing,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 9 July 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 1660–1662; Bernard Glueck, “A Study of 608 Admissions to Sing Sing Prison,”
Mental Hygiene
2 (1918): 85–151; Bernard Glueck, “Concerning Prisoners,”
Mental Hygiene
2 (1918): 177–218; Bernard Glueck, “Psychiatric Aims in the Field of Criminology,”
Mental Hygiene
2 (1918): 546–556.

41.
Trial Transcript, fols. 1674–1677; Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/1375 (Bernard Glueck), fols. 1–2.

42.
Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/1375 (Bernard Glueck), fol. 18.

43.
Ibid., fol. 27.

44.
Edward Shorter,
A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac
(New York: Wiley, 1997), 156–164.

45.
Nathan G. Hale Jr.,
The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917
–
1985
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 3–9, 23–24, 74–78; Catherine Lucille Covert, “Freud on the Front Page: Transmission of Freudian Ideas in the American Newspaper of the 1920s” (PhD dissertation, Syracuse University, 1975), 12–14, 26–34, 36–37; David Evans Tanner, “Symbols of Conduct: Psychiatry and American Culture, 1900–1935” (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1981), 173–180.

46.
Gerald N. Grob,
Mental Illness and American Society, 1875
–
1940
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 46–71.

47.
Elizabeth Lunbeck,
The Psychiatric Persuasion: Gender and Power in Modern America, 1875
–
1940
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 20–24, 46–49.

48.
William A. White,
Insanity and the Criminal Law
(New York: Macmillan, 1923), 23–29, 224–230.

49.
Janet Ann Tighe, “A Question of Responsibility: The Development of American Forensic Psychiatry, 1838–1930” (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1983), 320–323, 339–346.

50.
White,
Insanity and the Criminal Law
, 102–106.

51.
Tighe, “A Question of Responsibility,” 321–322.

52.
“Loeb Defense Hires Best of Mind Experts,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 6 July 1924.

53.
Gerald Langford,
The Murder of Stanford White
(New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), pp. 17–19, 233–234, 245–256.

54.
“Darrow Lauds Kin of Killers,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 15 July 1924; “Leopold, Loeb Will Not Seek to Free Sons,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 10 July 1924.

55.
“New Insanity Defense Seen,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 12 July 1924.

56.
“Leopold and Loeb Are Superficially Both Sane,”
Evening Telegram
(Toronto), 12 July 1924.

57.
“Insanity School for Crowe Aids in Franks Case,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 13 July 1924; “Rival Counsel Get Primed for Franks Battle,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 14 July 1924.

58.
Philip Kinsley, “Lincoln Faces Death or Asylum,”
Chicago Sunday Tribune
, 27 January 1924.

59.
“‘Not Guilty’ Lincoln Plea in Court,”
Aurora Daily Beacon-News
, 18 February 1924; “Lincoln Pivot of Franks Case,”
Chicago Daily Journal
, 18 June 1924; “Lincoln Trial Test in Leopold Case,”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 23 June 1924; “Delay Lincoln Sanity Quiz,”
Chicago Daily News
, 23 June 1924.

60.
“Crowe Attacks Franks’ Killers’ ‘Insane’ Defense,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 18 July 1924.

61.
“Radio Loeb-Leopold Trial?”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 17 July 1924.

62.
Roland Marchand,
Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920
–
1940
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 88–89.

63.
Clayton R. Koppes, “The Social Destiny of the Radio: Hope and Disillusionment in the 1920s,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
68 (1969): 364–368.

64.
“Public Gives Views on Loeb Trial by Radio,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 18 July 1924.

65.
“Opinions Vary on Proposal to Radio Trial,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 18 July 1924; “Tribune Offer to Radio Trial Stirs Public,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 18 July 1924; “City in Furore over Plan for Trial Broadcast,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 19 July 1924.

66.
“Leopold, Loeb, Won’t Ask Change of Venue,”
Chicago Daily News
, 19 July 1924.

67.
“Radio of Trial Assailed,”
Chicago Daily News
, 18 July 1924; “Judges of Two Courts Oppose ‘Trial by Radio,’”
Chicago Herald and Examiner
, 19 July 1924.