From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (178 page)

Nixon Doctrine,
785
,
798
–99,
801

and Pakistan,
680

and presidential pardon,
815

priorities,
779
–80

and public opinion,
767
,
792
–93,
796

and race issues,
682
,
790

and realism,
5
–6

and the Soviet Union,
794

and Vietnam,
755
,
765
–70,
796
–97,
802
,
808
–9

and Watergate,
770
,
801
–5,
807
,
809
,
818
,
820

and the White House tapes,
812

Nkrumah, Kwame,
711
,
715

Nobel Peace Prize,
358
,
361
,
443
,
780
,
842

No Foreign War Crusade,
504

Nomura Kichisaburo,
532
,
534

non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
357
–63,
465
,
845

Non-Intercourse Act,
121
,
122

Nootka Sound,
67

Normandy,
579

Norodom Sihanouk, Prince,
768

Norris, George,
429

North, Frederick, Lord,
26
,
29
–30

North, Oliver,
879
,
890
–91

North Africa,
39
,
97
,
268
,
539
,
543
,
552
–53,
554
,
595
,
601

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
926

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Able Archer exercises,
861
,
896

and Afghanistan,
958

and the Balkans conflict,
930

and Clinton,
927
,
936

and the Cyprus conflict,
816
–17

and Eisenhower,
665

and Germany,
906
–7,
908

and Johnson,
742

and the Korean War,
645
–46

and Kosovo,
933

and Nixon,
780
,
781

origins,
625
–26

and the Soviet Union,
772
,
861

and Truman,
650

and West German rearmament,
668

North China,
468
,
489
,
503
,
511

Northern Alliance,
942

Northern Ireland,
425
,
935

North Korea,
701
,
751
–52,
823
,
834
,
936
,
939
,
943
,
959
.
See also
Korean War

North Pole,
215

North-South conflict,
653
,
846
,
860
,
920

North Vietnam,
737
,
753

bombing of,
740
–41,
754
–55

and Cambodia,
768
–69

escalation of war,
726
,
736
,
739
,
752
,
793
,
796
,
821

and the Gulf of Tonkin incident,
738
–39

and Johnson,
739
–40

and Laos,
708

and peace negotiations,
766
–68,
775
–76,
797
,
802
,
820

political maneuvering,
742

and the
Pueblo
incident,
751
–52,
823

and the Sino-Soviet rivalry,
757
.
See also
Vietnam

Vietnam War

Northwest Company,
151

Northwest Ordinance,
41
,
44

Norway,
424
,
519
,
625

Nova Scotia,
27
,
129

November Revolution,
415

Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT),
755
–56,
780
,
799

nuclear weapons: and the Acheson-Lilienthal Plan,
607
–8

and anti-ballistic missiles (ABM),
772
,
774
–75,
794
–95,
814

and Britain,
547
,
688
,
755
,
866

and Bush (G. H. W.),
922

and Carter,
835
–36,
855
–56

and China,
692
,
744
,
755

and the Cold War,
611
,
635
–37,
651
–52,
690
–91

and the Council of Foreign Ministers,
601

and the Cuban Missile crisis,
719
–25,
742
,
773

The Day After,
861

and Eisenhower,
656
,
659

and espionage,
607

and Europe,
724
,
868
–69

and Gorbachev,
914

intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),
774
,
818

intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF),
720
,
868
–69,
896
–97

and Iraq,
947

and Israel,
746
,
749
–50,
755

and Kennedy,
704
–5

and missile defense,
869
–71

multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs),
772
,
774
,
795
,
818
,
819

and mutual assured destruction,
771
,
795
,
855
,
867
,
869
,
895

MX mobile land-based missiles,
868

and Nixon,
766
–67

Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT),
755
–56,
780
,
799

and the October War,
805

and Okinawa bases,
784

and Pakistan,
755
,
884

Pershing missiles,
868

and the Potsdam Conference,
590

and Presidential Directive
59
,
855
–56

proliferation of,
714
,
943

and Reagan,
867
–69,
895
,
896
–97

and SALT agreements,
775
,
794
–95,
807
,
818
–19,
827
,
835
,
851
–52,
854
,
867
,
868

and Sino-American relations,
903

and South Africa,
628

and the Soviet Union,
592
–93,
610
,
635
–37,
658
,
710
,
755
,
772
–75,
867
–71,
907

and the "Star Wars" program,
870
–71,
895

and Stimson,
541
–42,
592
,
597

and the Taiwan Straits crisis,
663
–64,
960

and the Tehran Conference,
554

testing,
696
–97,
710

and U.S. postwar power,
594
,
598

used on Japan,
591
,
694

and Wallace,
611

and the Yalta Conference,
584
,
588
–89.
See also
arms control and reduction

Nunn, Sam,
852
,
929

Nye, Gerald,
503
,
508

Nye, Joseph,
439
,
921

Oates, Joyce Carol,
898

Obregón, Alvaro,
474
,
475

Odría, Manuel,
684

Office for the Coordination of Commercial and Cultural Relations between the American Republics,
529

Office of Facts and Figures,
542

Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations (OFRRO),
543

Office of Lend-Lease Administration (OLLA),
542

Office of Navel Intelligence,
280

Office of Policy Coordination,
622

Office of Strategic Services (OSS),
542
,
543

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA),
557
–58

Office of War Information (OWI),
542

Ohio River,
48

Ohlmert, Ehud,
960

oil: and Afghanistan,
853

and Angola,
824

embargoes and shortages,
448
,
805
–6,
811
,
876

and Iran,
564
–66,
606
–7,
672
–73,
798
–99,
847
,
850
,
879
–80

and Iraq,
879
–80,
908
–9,
945
,
952

and Latin America,
470
,
472

and Libya,
876

and Mexico,
475
–76,
527
–28

and Nigeria,
842

and the
October War,
805

and OPEC,
850
–51

and Saudi Arabia,
562

and U.S. Middle East policy,
562
–69,
629
,
671

whale oil,
39

Ojibwa Indians,
43

Okinawa,
646
,
745
,
784

Oklahoma,
235

Olney, Richard,
304
,
307
,
331

Olympic Games,
854

Omar, Mullah,
943

Oneida Indians,
43

One World
tour,
581

Onis, Luis de,
145
,
149
,
154

On the Beach
(Shute),
690

Open Door Notes,
330
,
331
,
333
–35

Open Door policy,
446
,
489
–90,
549
,
563
,
574
–75

Open Skies,
670

Operation Bugout,
642

Operation Bumpy Road,
706

Operation Desert Storm,
910
,
911

Operation Duck Hook,
766
–67

Operation Eagle Claw,
858

Operation Frequent Wind,
821

Operation Iraqi Freedom,
951

Operation Mongoose,
707
,
720
,
722

Operation PBSUCCESS,
684
–85

Operation Rollback,
622

Operation Torch,
552

Operation Urgent Fury,
888

Operation Vittles,
624

opium,
210
,
211
,
274
,
958
.
See also
heroin

Oppenheimer, J. Robert,
607

Oregon territory: and immigrants,
178

and the Lewis and Clark expedition,
114

and Manifest Destiny,
180
,
181

and trade with East Asia,
189
,
209

and treaty,
191
–92,
193
,
194

and U.S. expansionism,
134
,
144
,
149
–51,
188
–89,
189
–92

Oregon Trail,
189

Organization of American States (OAS),
627
,
707
,
717
,
732

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC),
850
–51

Origin of Species
(Darwin),
267

Orinoco River,
307
,
308

Orlando, Vittorio,
422

Osgood, Robert,
691

Osiraq nuclear installation,
872

Oslo Accords,
935

Ostend Manifesto,
218

Ostpolitik,
757
,
772
,
780
–81

O'Sullivan, John L.,
180
,
184
–85,
191
,
194
,
198

Oswald, Richard,
29
,
30
,
31
–32

Ottawa Indians,
43

Otto, Louis Guillaume,
36

Ottoman empires,
412
,
418
,
421
,
424

Outer Mongolia,
464

Pacific Northwest,
144
,
149
,
152
,
157
,
164
,
188
–89.
See also
Oregon Territory

pacifism,
97
,
385
,
405
,
504
,
690

Pact of Paris,
478

Pago Pago harbor,
263
,
296

Paine, Tom,
11
–12,
15
,
16

Pakenham, Richard,
190

Pakistan: and Baghdad Pact,
673

and China,
713
,
789
,
901

conflict with India,
712
–13,
789
–90,
808

and India,
680
–81

and nuclear weapons,
755
,
884

and September 11 terrorist attacks,
942

and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,
853
,
855
,
883
–84

and the Taliban,
958

and terrorism,
940

and U.S.-China relations,
777
–78,
901
,
942
–43