From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (197 page)

102
. Fourteen Points address, January 8, 1918,
Wilson Papers
40:534–39; Knock,
End All Wars
, 142–47.

103
. Arthur S. Link,
Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War and Peace
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1979), 85; Thompson,
Wilson
, 157–60.

104
. Calhoun,
Power and Principle
, 167–74; Roy MacLeod, "Secrets Among Friends: The Research Information Service and the Special Relationship in Allied Scientific Information and Intelligence,"
Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning, and Policy
37 (Autumn 1999), 201–33.

105
. Link,
Revolution, War, and Peace
, 76–77; Calhoun,
Power and Principle
, 178–79.

106
. Gregg Wolper, "Wilsonian Public Diplomacy: The Committee on Public Information in Spain,"
Diplomatic History
17 (Winter 1993), 17.

107
. Ibid., 17–34; James D. Stratt, "American Propaganda in Britain During World War I,"
Prologue
28 (Spring 1996), 17–33; Kazuyuki Matsuo, "American Propaganda in China: The U.S. Committee on Public Information, 1918–1919,"
Journal of American-Canadian Studies
14 (1996), 19–42.

108
. Matsuo, "Propaganda," 21.

109
. John Lewis Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 61–63.

110
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 156.

111
. Calhoun,
Power and Principle
, 199–200.

112
. David S. Fogelsong,
America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 190–91.

113
. Arthur Walworth,
America's Moment, 1918: American Diplomacy at the End of World War I
(New York, 1977).

114
. Keegan,
First World War
, 410–14.

115
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 142.

116
. Peter Grose,
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles
(Boston, 1994), 35, 45.

117
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 175–76.

118
. Ibid., 177.

119
. Klaus Schwabe, "U.S. Secret War Diplomacy, Intelligence, and the Coming of the German Revolution in 1918: The Role of Vice Consul James McNally,"
Diplomatic History
16 (Spring 1992), 200.

120
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 212.

121
. Walworth,
America's Moment
, 1.

122
. Quoted in "Fighting Men,"
National Interest
69 (Fall 2002), 129.

123
. Erez Manela,
The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism
(New York, 2007), 1–51.

124
. Jonathan M. Nielson, "The Scholar as Diplomat: American Historians at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919,"
International History Review
14 (May 1992), 228–51.

125
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 212, minimizes the effects of Wilson's illness on the actual negotiations.

126
. Margaret Macmillan,
Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World
(New York, 2003), 15–16.

127
. Manela,
Wilsonian Moment
, 45.

128
. Clements,
Wilson Presidency
, 174; Thompson,
Wilson
, 191–93.

129
. Macmillan,
Paris 1919
, xxx; Thompson,
Wilson
, 191–93.

130
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 210; Macmillan,
Paris, 1919
, 459–83; Clements,
Wilson Presidency
, 179–82, 186.

131
. Macmillan,
Paris 1919
, 334; Stephen G. Craft, "John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question,"
Pacific Historical Review
66 (May 1997), 239.

132
. Noriko Kawamura, "Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference,"
Pacific Historical Review
66 (November 1997), 524.

133
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 250.

134
. Macmillan,
Paris 1919
, 109–42, 207–70; Betty Miller Unterberger, "The United States and National Self-Determination: A Wilsonian Perspective,"
Presidential Studies Quarterly
26 (Fall 1996), 926–41.

135
. Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States
, 78.

136
. Link,
Revolution, War, and Peace
, 96.

137
. Fogelsong,
Secret War
, 187.

138
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 201; Link,
Revolution, War, and Peace
, 99.

139
. Macmillan,
Paris 1919
, 463–65, 474.

140
. Ibid., 80.

141
. Cohen,
Response to China
, 97, 101; Manela,
Wilsonian Moment
, 194–95, 215–25.

142
. John Milton Cooper Jr.,
Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations
(New York, 2001), 8–9.

143
. William C. Widenor,
Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy
(Berkeley, Calif., 1983), 173, 208.

144
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 1, 4. The Hitchcock quote is from Thomas Knock, " 'Playing for a Hundred Years Hence': Woodrow Wilson's Internationalism and His Would-be Heirs," paper in possession of author. My thanks to Professor Knock for bringing this quote to my attention.

145
. Knock,
End All Wars
, 242–43, 252–59.

146
. Elizabeth McKillen, "The Corporatist Model, World War I, and the Public Debate over the League of Nations,"
Diplomatic History
15 (Spring 1991), 177–79.

147
. Richard W. Lowitt,
George W. Norris: The Persistence of a Progressive, 1913–1933
(Urbana, Ill., 1971), 109.

148
. Ibid., 116.

149
. Ralph Stone,
The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations
(Lexington, Ky., 1970), 57.

150
. Link,
Revolution, War, and Peace
, 109–12; Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 129–31.

151
. Stone,
Irreconcilables
, 82.

152
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 223–24.

153
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 227–32; Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 158–197.

154
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 189.

155
. Ibid., 199–208.

156
. Thompson,
Wilson
, 234–35.

157
. Ibid., 239–40.

158
. Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 234.

159
. Ibid., 346.

160
. Ibid., 362–70.

161
. Thomas A. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
(Chicago, 1977), 277, coins the phrase "supreme act of infanticide." Thomas Knock's " 'Playing for a Hundred Years Hence' " emphasizes Wilson's commitment to principles and the importance of those principles. Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt coauthored a vindictive psychobiography entitled
Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Twenty-eighth President of the United States: A Psychological Study
(Boston, 1967). Thompson,
Wilson
, 241–42, offers a broader and more persuasive conclusion.

162
. Selig Adler,
The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth-Century Reaction
(New York, 1957), 112.

1
. A good survey is Warren I. Cohen,
Empire Without Tears: America's Foreign Relations, 1921–1933
(New York, 1987). See also Brian J. C. McKercher, "Reaching for the Brass Ring: The Recent Historiography of Interwar American Foreign Relations,"
Diplomatic History
15 (Fall 1991), 565–98.

2
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
(New York, 1987), 275–90; John Keegan,
The First World War
(New York, 1998), 421–27.

3
. Raymond F. Betts,
Decolonization
(London, 1998), 4–18.

4
.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, March 8, 1926.

5
. A. Scott Berg,
Lindbergh
(New York, 1998), 135–43.

6
. Kennedy,
Rise and Fall
, 328–29; John Braeman, "Power and Diplomacy: The 1920s Reappraised,"
Review of Politics
44 (July 1982), 342–69.

7
. Joseph S. Nye Jr.,
The Paradox of American Power
(New York, 2002), 9–12.

8
. Frank Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), 20–22.

9
. Stephen G. Craft, "John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question,"
Pacific Historical Review
66 (May 1997), 244.

10
. Peter Grose,
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles
(Boston, 1994), 63.

11
. Costigliola,
Awkward Dominion
, 171–73.

12
. Cohen,
Empire Without Tears
, 2, 11; Robert D. Schulzinger,
The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations
(New York, 1984), 5–30.

13
. David Levering Lewis,
W.E.B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963
(New York, 2000), 37–84.

14
. Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson,
The Presidency of Warren G. Harding
(Lawrence, Kans., 1977), 172.

15
. Robert H. Ferrell,
The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
(Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 23.

16
. John Chalmers Vinson, "Charles Evans Hughes, 1921–1925," in Norman A. Graebner, ed.,
An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1961), 134; Waldo H. Heinrichs,
American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the United States Diplomatic Tradition
(Boston, 1966), 105.

17
. Heinrichs,
Ambassador
, 109–10; L. Ethan Ellis, "Frank B. Kellogg, 1925–1929," in Graebner,
Uncertain Tradition
, 149–67.

18
. Heinrichs,
Ambassador
, 101–25.

19
. Charles DeBenedetti,
The Peace Reform in American History
(Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 108–21.

20
. Trani and Wilson,
Harding Presidency
, 115.

21
. Ibid., 59–60; Ferrell,
Coolidge Presidency
, 42–43.

22
. Robert David Johnson,
The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995).

23
. Jeffrey J. Matthews,
Alanson B. Houghton, Ambassador of the New Era
(Lanham, Md., 2004), 48–49.

24
. Michael J. Hogan,
Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918–1928
(Chicago, 1991), 187.

25
. Melvyn P. Leffler, "Expansionist Impulses and Domestic Constraints, 1921–1932," in William H. Becker and Samuel F. Wells Jr., eds.,
Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789
(New York, 1984), 232–33.

26
. Cohen,
Empire
, 19.

27
. Hogan,
Informal Entente
, 105–58.

28
. Emily S. Rosenberg,
Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930
(Durham, N.C., 2003), 97–150.