From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (192 page)

9
. Fry,
Dixie,
76–77.

10
. Howard Jones,
Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), 7, 11, 88. On Seward, see also Gordon H. Warren, "William Henry Seward," in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson,
Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan
(New York, l974), 195–219.

11
. Hay is quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 745. On Lincoln, see Howard Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
(Lincoln, Neb., 1999) and Jan Morris,
Lincoln: A Foreigner's Quest
(New York, 2000).

12
. Saul,
Distant Friends,
166–237, 398–99; the quotation is from p. 201.

13
. Ibid., 312–25; the quotation is from p. 305.

14
.
Times
of London, quoted in McPherson, "Whole Family," 136. The authoritative study of British opinion is R.J.M. Blackett,
Divided Hearts: Britain and the American Civil War
(Baton Rouge, La., 2001).

15
. November 7, 1861.

16
. Davis message to Second Provisional Congress, April 29, 1861, in James D. Richardson, ed.,
The Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy
(2 vols., New York, 1966), 1:75.

17
. Phillip S. Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 89–90.

18
. Jones,
Union in Peril,
50.

19
. William Stanton,
The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842
(Berkeley, Calif., 1975).

20
. Geoffrey S. Smith, "Charles Wilkes and the Growth of American Naval Diplomacy," in Merli and Wilson,
Makers of American Diplomacy
, 152.

21
. Jones,
Union in Peril,
87.

22
. Ibid., 87.

23
. Paludan,
Lincoln,
93; Crook,
Diplomacy,
57–60; Jones,
Union in Peril,
98–99.

24
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
80; Richardson,
Davis Messages
2:326, documents a case where it took five months to receive a dispatch from Paris.

25
. R.M.T. Hunter to William L. Yancey, Pierre A. Rost, and A. Dudley Mann, August 24, 1861, in Richardson,
Davis Messages
2:74.

26
. Charles P. Roland,
The Confederacy
(Chicago, 1960), 102.

27
. May,
Union, Confederacy,
12; Roland,
Confederacy,
103–6.

28
. Saul,
Distant Friends,
335–36.

29
. Thomas,
Confederate Nation,
188–89.

30
. Ibid., 177–79; R.J.M. Blackett, "Pressure from Without: African Americans, British Public Opinion, and Civil War Diplomacy," in May,
Union, Confederacy,
80–90.

31
. Blumenthal, "Confederate Diplomacy," 170.

32
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
72–73.

33
.
Dictionary of American Biography
(26 vols., New York, 1934–61), 3:167.

34
. Joseph A. Fry,
Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America
(Reno, Nev., 1982), 35–65.

35
. Saul,
Distant Friends,
317–19.

36
. Paludan,
Lincoln,
88–89.

37
. Thomas Schoonover, "Miscontrued Mission: Expansionism and Black Colonization in Mexico and Central America During the American Civil War,"
Pacific Historical Review
44 (November 1980), 607–20.

38
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
68–69.

39
. Paludan,
Lincoln,
133–34.

40
. Quoted in Jones,
Lincoln,
87.

41
. Blackett,
Divided Hearts, 189.

42
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
93.

43
. Jones,
Union in Peril,
156.

44
. Ibid., 145, 150.

45
. Ibid., 128.

46
. James D. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 8:3343–44.

47
. Jones,
Lincoln,
146.

48
. Jones,
Union in Peril,
193.

49
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
100.

50
. Jones,
Lincoln,
16, 56, 59, 70–71, 131–32, 163–66.

51
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
139–42.

52
. Ibid., 121–24, 144–46.

53
. Saul,
Distant Friends,
338, 351–52.

54
. Ibid., 399–52.

55
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
186.

56
. McPherson, "Whole Family," 141–43; Jones,
Lincoln,
154–57.

57
. Smith, "Wilkes," 156.

58
. Thomas,
Confederate Nation,
182–83.

59
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
116.

60
. Ibid., 152.

61
. Davis messages, December 7, 1863, and November 7, 1864, in Richardson,
Davis Messages
1:356, 487.

62
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
9.

63
. Morris,
Lincoln,
198.

64
. Charles S. Campbell,
The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900
(New York, 1976), 20.

65
. To Julia Grant Dent, April 21, 1865, in John Simon, ed.,
The Papers of U.S. Grant,
vol. 14 (Carbondale, Ill., 1985), 428–29. My thanks to Charles Bracelen Flood for bringing this document to my attention.

66
. Crook,
Diplomacy,
178; Reginald C. Stuart,
United States Expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 220.

67
. Jones,
Lincoln,
181–82.

68
. Stephen J. Vallone, " 'Weakness Offers Temptation': William H. Seward and the Reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine,"
Diplomatic History
19 (Fall 1995), 585.

69
. Karl M. Schmitt,
Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973
:
Conflict and Coexistence
(New York, 1974), 86.

70
. Albert Castel,
The Presidency of Andrew Johnson
(Lawrence, Kans., 1979), 39–42.

71
. Ibid.; Grant to Johnson, June 19, 1965, July 15, 1865, in LeRoy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins,
The Papers of Andrew Johnson,
vol. 8 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1989), 257–58, 410.

72
. Vallone, "Monroe Doctrine," 588.

73
. Ibid., 599.

74
. Ibid.

75
. Stuart,
United States Expansionism,
xi, 216–17.

76
. Jay Sexton, "The Funded Loan and the
Alabama
Claims,"
Diplomatic History
27 (September 2003), 449–78.

77
. Stuart,
United States Expansionism,
252.

78
. See Castel,
Johnson
for the former, Ernest N. Paolino,
The Foundations of American Expansionism: William Henry Seward and U.S. Foreign Policy
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1973) for the latter.

79
. Walter LaFeber,
The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1973), 25.

80
. Annual message, December 3, 1867, in Graf and Haskins,
Johnson Papers
13:304.

81
. Castel,
Johnson,
144–45; Warren, "Seward," 215.

82
. Castel,
Johnson,
205.

83
. Saul,
Distant Friends,
396.

84
. Ronald J. Jensen,
The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations
(Seattle, 1975), 81–85, 94.

85
. James B. Chapin, "Hamilton Fish and American Expansion," in Merli and Wilson,
Makers of American Diplomacy,
225; Campbell,
Transformation,
25, 50.

86
. Chapin, "Fish," 245.

87
. LaFeber,
New Empire,
36–37.

88
. Louis Martinez-Fernandez, "Caudillos, Annexationism, and the Rivalry Between Empires in the Dominican Republic, 1844–1874,"
Diplomatic History
17 (Fall 1993), 595–96.

89
. Lars Schoultz,
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 83.

90
. Campbell,
Transformation,
50–52; Martinez-Fernandez, "Caudillos," 592–97.

91
. Jay Sexton, "The United States, the Cuban Rebellion, and the Multilateral Initiative of 1875,"
Diplomatic History
30 (June 2006), 339–48.

92
. Ibid., 353–65; Louis A. Pérez,
Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902
(Pittsburgh, 1983), 62–64; LaFeber,
New Empire,
37–38.

93
. Campbell,
Transformation,
72.

94
. Barry Rigby, "The Origins of American Expansion in Hawaii and Samoa,"
International History Review
10 (May 1988), 222.

95
. Campbell,
Transformation,
67–68.

96
. Rigby, "Hawaii and Samoa," 226.

97
. Ibid., 225–27.

98
. Campbell,
Transformation,
76.

1
. Quoted in Milton Plesur,
America's Outward Thrust: Approaches to Foreign Affairs, 1865–1890
(DeKalb, Ill., 1971), 176.

2
. David Healy,
U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Surge in the 1890s
(Madison, Wisc., 1970), 13.

3
. Nicholas Kristoff, "At This Rate We'll Be Global in Another Hundred Years,"
New York Times,
May 23, 1999.

4
. James A. Field Jr., "American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book,"
American Historical Review
83 (June 1978), 661; David Paull Nickles, "Telegraph Diplomats: The United States' Relations with France, 1848 and 1870,"
Technology and Culture
40 (January 1999), 1–25.

5
. Joseph A. Fry,
John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1992), 74.

6
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
(New York, 1987), 176–77.

7
. Healy,
U.S. Expansionism,
11–13.

8
. Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski,
For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America
(New York, 1984), 236–41.

9
. Michael H. Hunt,
Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy
(New Haven, Conn., 1987), 55. The connection between the Plains Indians and 1890s imperialism is explicated at length in Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,"
Journal of American History
66 (March 1980), 810–31.

10
. Kennedy,
Great Powers,
242–45.

11
. Walter LaFeber,
The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1963), 39–149; Joseph A. Fry, "Phases of Empire: Late Nineteenth Century U.S. Foreign Relations," in Charles W. Calhoun, ed.,
The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America
(Wilmington, Del., 1996), 261–72.