From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (191 page)

33
. Ibid., 240.

34
. Ibid, 206.

35
. Quoted in David M. Pletcher,
The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War
(Columbia, Mo., 1973), 339.

36
. Ibid., 414.

37
. Ibid., 402–17; Howe,
What Hath God Wrought,
718–22.

38
. Stuart,
United States Expansionism,
104–5.

39
. Hietala,
Manifest Design,
193.

40
. Robert Paquette, "The Everett–Del Monte Connection: A Study in the International Politics of Slavery,"
Diplomatic History
11 (Winter 1987), 1–22; Edmund P. Gaines to Calhoun, May 5, 1844, in Wilson,
Calhoun Papers
18:440–441, and Calhoun to William King, August 12, 1844, ibid. 19:568, 578.

41
. Morrison, "Westward the Curse," 235.

42
. Crapol, "Anti-slavery," 84–87, 89–91.

43
. Gadsden to Calhoun, May 3, 1844, in Wilson,
Calhoun Papers
18:84–85.

44
. Edward P. Crapol, "John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny,"
Journal of the Early Republic
17 (Fall 1997), 476–79.

45
. Peterson,
Harrison and Tyler,
176–80, 256–58.

46
. Enrique Krauze,
Mexico, Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico
(New York, 1997), 99–135, 142.

47
. J. M. de Bocaneara to Ben Green, June 6, 15, 1844, in Wilson,
Calhoun Papers
19:67, 79.

48
. Bergeron,
Polk,
58–63.

49
. Peterson,
Harrison and Tyler,
139.

50
. Larkin to Calhoun, August 18, 1844, in Wilson,
Calhoun Papers
19:606–7; Hietala,
Manifest Design,
87.

51
. Charles G. Sellers,
The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846
(New York, 1991), 420.

52
. Gene M. Brack,
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821–1846
:
An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War
(Albuquerque, N.M., 1975), 95.

53
. Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny,
210; Hietala,
Manifest Design,
156.

54
. Quoted in Hietala,
Manifest Design,
154.

55
. The major "revisionist" study is Glenn W. Price,
Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue
(Austin, Tex., 1967).

56
. Bergeron,
Polk,
73–74.

57
. Sellers,
Market Revolution,
421.

58
. Quoted in Norman A. Graebner, "The Mexican War: A Study in Causation,"
Pacific Historical Review
49 (August 1980), 418.

59
. Brack,
Mexico Views,
82, 99. A recent excellent analysis is Timothy Henderson,
A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States
(New York, 2007).

60
. Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation,
461.

61
. Hietala,
Manifest Design,
158.

62
. Pletcher,
Diplomacy of Annexation,
493.

63
. Johannsen,
Halls of the Montezumas,
32–33, 50, 171–73, 205; Howe,
What Hath God Wrought,
789–90, 797–98.

64
. Johannsen,
Halls of the Montezumas,
10, 12–13, 16, 25.

65
. Graebner, "Mexican War," 405.

66
. John H. Schroeder,
Mr. Polk's War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848
(Madison, Wisc., 1973), 99.

67
. Ibid., 72–73, 160–63; Johannsen,
Halls of the Montezumas,
275–79.

68
. Schroeder,
Mr. Polk's War,
143.

69
. Robert A. Doughty et al.,
Warfare in the Western World
(2 vols., Lexington, Mass., 1996), 1:321.

70
. Hietala,
Manifest Design,
163; Johannsen,
Halls of the Montezumas,
299.

71
. Quoted in K. Jack Bauer,
The Mexican War, 1846–1848
(New York, 1974), 399.

72
. Krauze,
Mexico,
143, 147–49; Johannsen,
Halls of the Montezumas,
301.

73
. Bergeron,
Polk,
110.

74
. Johannsen,
Halls of the Montezumas,
5.

75
. Sellers,
Market Revolution,
425.

76
. Quoted in Kenneth E. Shewmaker, "Forging the 'Great Chain': Daniel Webster and the Origins of American Foreign Policy Toward East Asia and the Pacific, 1841–1852,"
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
129 (September 1985), 250–51.

77
. Walter LaFeber,
The Clash
:
U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History
(New York, 1997), 11.

78
. Arthur Power Dudden,
The American Pacific: From the Old China Trade to the Present
(New York, 1992), 11–17; William Stanton,
The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842
(Berkeley, Calif., 1975); Nathaniel Philbrick,
Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842
(New York, 2003).

79
. Dudden,
American Pacific,
56–57.

80
. Shewmaker, "Great Chain," 231–33.

81
. Ibid., 239.

82
. Ibid., 239–43.

83
. Ssu-Yu Teng and John K. Fairbank,
China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923
(New York, 1954), 17–19; Edwin O. Reischauer,
The United States and Japan
(rev. ed., New York, 1957), 5–11.

84
. Murray A. Rubinstein, "The Wars They Wanted: American Missionaries' Use of the
Chinese Repository
Before the Opium War,"
American Neptune
48 (Fall 1988), 277–82.

85
. Kenneth E. Shewmaker, ed.,
The Papers of Daniel Webster: Diplomatic Papers
(Hanover, N.H., 1983), 1:907–10; Webster to Caleb Cushing, May 8, 1843, ibid., 922–26.

86
. Warren I. Cohen,
America's Response to China: An Interpretive History of Sino-American Relations
(New York, 1974), 14.

87
. Michael H. Hunt,
The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914
(New York, 1983), 26.

88
. William M. Gabard, "John Eliot Ward: A Georgia Elitist in the Celestial Empire, 1858–1860,"
Studies in the Social Sciences
22 (June 1983), 56–60.

89
. Hunt,
Special Relationship,
35.

90
. Earl Swisher, Chi
na's Management of the American Barbarians
(New Haven, Conn., 1951), 46.

91
. Jeffrey A. Keith, " 'An Entirely Peaceful Spirit of Conquest': Commodore Matthew Galbraith Perry's Cultural Diplomacy, 1852–1854" (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2006).

92
. LaFeber,
Clash,
18–23; Jack M. Hammersmith,
Spoilsmen in a "Flowery Fairland": The Development of the U.S. Legation in Japan, 1859–1906
(Kent, Ohio, 1998), 1–25.

93
. Stuart,
United States Expansionism,
96.

94
. Elbert B. Smith,
The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore
(Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 18.

95
. Gara,
Pierce,
150.

96
. Robert E. May,
Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2002), 1–116.

97
. Gara,
Pierce,
129–32, 147–48.

98
. May,
Filibustering,
117–248.

99
. Quoted in Joseph A. Fry,
Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973
(Baton Rouge, La., 2002), 67. Also Jozsef Gellen, "The American Experiment and Reform-Age Hungary, 1828–1848," in Jacques Portes, ed.,
Europe and America: Criss-Crossing Perspectives, 1788–1848
(Paris, 1987), 131–48.

100
. Smith,
Taylor/Fillmore,
231.

101
. Ibid., 230–33.

102
. Mark J. White, "The Case of the Yucatecan Request: American Foreign Policy at the Close of the Mexican War,"
Mid-America
72 (October 1990), 177, 184, 189.

103
. Gara,
Pierce,
147.

104
. Cristobal Madam to William Preston, November 2, 1849, William Preston Papers, Special Collections, University of Kentucky Library, Box 46. My thanks to Dr. Randolph Hollingsworth for bringing these documents to my attention.

105
. Gara,
Pierce,
150–55; "The Ostend Manifesto," October 18, 1854, in Ruhl Bartlett, ed.,
The Record of American Diplomacy
(New York, 1950), 240–42.

106
. Preston to James Buchanan, May 8, 1859, Preston Papers, Box 46.

107
. Quoted in Thomas M. Leonard,
Central America and the United States: The Search for Stability
(Athens, Ga., 1991), 22.

108
. Gara,
Pierce,
145.

109
. James M. Woods, "Expansionism as Diplomacy: The Career of Solon Borland in Central America, 1853–1854,"
Americas
40 (January 1984), 410–15.

110
. Leonard,
Central America,
22–30; John H. Coatsworth,
Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus
(New York, 1994), 27–29.

111
. Quoted in Paul A. Varg,
United States Foreign Relations, 1820–1860
(East Lansing, Mich., 1979), 230.

112
. Elbert B. Smith,
The Presidency of James Buchanan
(Lawrence, Kans., 1975), 71.

113
. Quoted in ibid., 73.

114
. Coatsworth,
Central America,
27; Albert Z. Carr,
The World and William Walker
(New York, 1963).

115
. Smith,
Buchanan,
69–80.

116
. Robert M. May, "Agents of Manifest Destiny," unpublished paper in possession of author, and
Manifest Destiny,
240, 246–47.

117
. Weeks,
Continental Empire,
163; Fry,
Dixie,
72–74.

1
. Robert E. May, ed.,
The Union, the Confederacy and the Atlantic Rim
(Lafayette, Ind., 1995), 1–2.

2
. James M. McPherson, " 'The Whole Family of Man': Lincoln and the Last Best Hope Abroad," in ibid., 136–38.

3
. Carl N. Degler, "One Among Many: The United States and National Unification," in Carl J. Guarneri,
America Compared
(New York, 1997), 335–52; David M. Potter, "Civil War," in C. Vann Woodward, ed.,
The Comparative Approach to American History
(New York, 1968), 138–45.

4
. Norman E. Saul,
Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 329.

5
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York, 1987), 187–93; D. P. Crook,
Diplomacy During the American Civil War
(New York, 1975), 21, 99, 107, 121, 155, 180–83.

6
. Gary W. Gallagher,
The Confederate War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 145.

7
. Emory M. Thomas,
The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865
(New York, 1979), 167–68.

8
. Henry Blumenthal, "Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Rivalries,"
Journal of Southern History
32 (May 1966), 153; Joseph A. Fry,
Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973
(Baton Rouge, LA., 2002), 75–78.