From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (188 page)

21
. Quoted in Michael H. Hunt,
Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy
(New Haven, Conn., 1987), 24.

22
. See especially Drew R. McCoy,
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 146–52.

23
. Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf,
Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution
(New York, 1994), 92–105.

24
. Ellis,
American Sphinx,
124–25.

25
. Kaplan, "Idealist as Realist," 71.

26
. Kaplan,
Jefferson,
73.

27
. John Lynn, "Revolution in Warfare During the Age of the French Revolution," in Robert A. Doughty et al.,
Warfare in the Western World,
vol. 1 (New York, 1996), 173–93.

28
. Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, July 4, 1790, in Boyd,
Papers of Jefferson,
vol. 16 (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 600–601.

29
. Kaplan, "Idealist as Realist," 71–72.

30
. Kaplan,
Jefferson,
94–98.

31
. The standard account is Harry Ammon,
The Genet Mission
(New York, 1973), but see also Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
330–54.

32
. Quoted in Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
361.

33
. Ellis,
American Sphinx,
127.

34
. Eugene R. Sheridan, "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy,"
Diplomatic History
18 (Fall 1994), 463–88.

35
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword,
146, 155–57; Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
436–38.

36
. Joseph M. Fewster, "The Jay Treaty and British Ship Seizures: The Martinique Cases,"
William and Mary Quarterly
45 (July 1988), 426–52.

37
. The classic accounts are Samuel Flagg Bemis,
Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy
(rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1962) and Jerald A. Combs,
The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers
(Berkeley, Calif., 1970).

38
. The negotiations are discussed in Bemis,
Jay's Treaty,
318–73, and from the British perspective in Charles R. Ritcheson,
Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Toward the United States, 1783–1795
(New York, 1971), 318–59.

39
. Bemis argues this in
Jay's Treaty,
337–40. For persuasive rebuttals, see Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
410, and Bradford Perkins,
The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805
(Berkeley, Calif., 1967), 42–43.

40
. Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
416.

41
. Onuf and Onuf,
Federal Union,
161.

42
. Tucker and Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty,
67; Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, April 14, 1796, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(10 vols., New York, 1892–99), 7:72–78.

43
. Todd Estes, "Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate,"
Journal of the Early Republic
20 (Fall 2000), 393–422.

44
. Quoted in Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
441.

45
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword,
156–57, 182.

46
. The standard account is Samuel Flagg Bemis,
Pinckney's Treaty: America's Advantage from Europe's Distress, 1783–1800
(rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1960).

47
. Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
506, 511, 538.

48
. Alexander DeConde,
Entangling Alliance: Politics and Diplomacy Under George Washington
(Durham, N.C., 1958), 488.

49
. The text of the Farewell Address and various interpretations of it can be conveniently found in Kaufman,
Washington's Farewell Address
.

50
. Kaplan,
Entangling Alliances,
94.

51
. Fred Anderson,
The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War
(New York, 2005), 163.

52
. Alexander DeConde,
The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801
(New York, 1966), 124–25.

53
. Joseph J. Ellis,
Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams
(New York, 2001).

54
. William Stinchcombe,
The XYZ Affair
(Westport, Conn., 1981), 35.

55
. Stinchcombe's
XYZ Affair
is the standard account.

56
. Adams quoted in DeConde,
Quasi-War,
81; Thomas M. Ray, " 'Not One Cent for Tribute': The Public Addresses and American Popular Reaction to the XYZ Affair, 1798–1799,"
Journal of the Early Republic
3 (Winter 1983), 389–411.

57
. Kaplan,
Jefferson,
118.

58
. Tim Matthewson, "Jefferson and Haiti,"
Journal of Southern History
61 (May 1995), 215.

59
. The standard account is DeConde,
Quasi-War
.

60
. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword,
219–55; Paul Douglas Newman, "The Federalists' Cold War: The Fries Rebellion, National Security, and the State, 1787–1800,"
Pennsylvania History
67 (Winter 2000), 63–104.

61
. Quoted in Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism,
606.

62
. Quoted in Page Smith,
John Adams
(2 vols., New York, 1962), 2:1027–28.

63
. The Mortefontaine negotiations and celebrations are covered in DeConde,
Quasi-War,
223–58.

64
. Kaplan,
Jefferson,
123.

65
. Quoted in DeConde,
Quasi-War,
339.

1
. Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1992), 6, 19.

2
. Lawrence S. Kaplan, "Thomas Jefferson: The Idealist as Realist," in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds.,
Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan
(New York, 1974), 53–79; Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf,
Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution
(New York, 1994), 174–75.

3
. Quoted in Merrill D. Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation
(New York, 1970), 653.

4
. Forrest McDonald,
The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
(Lawrence, Kans., 1976), 43–44.

5
. Ibid., 54. For Jefferson's flexibility, see especially Kaplan, "Idealist as Realist," 58–59.

6
. McDonald,
Jefferson,
39, 54–55; Dumas Malone,
Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1815
(Boston, 1970), 379–92.

7
. Drew McCoy,
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 188–201.

8
. Peterson,
Jefferson,
657, 665.

9
. James A. Field Jr.,
America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882
(Princeton, N.J., 1969), 32–43; Robert J. Allison,
The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776–1815
(New York, 1995), 17–24.

10
. Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and the Rights of Man
(Boston, 1951), 27.

11
. Allison,
Crescent Obscured,
24.

12
. David A. Carson, "Jefferson, Congress and the Question of Leadership in the Tripolitan War,"
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
94 (1986), 411–12.

13
. Field,
Mediterranean World,
50–51.

14
. James R. Sofka, "The Jeffersonian Idea of National Security: Commerce, the Atlantic Balance of Power, and the Barbary War, 1786–1805,"
Diplomatic History
21 (Fall 1997), 540.

15
. Field,
Mediterranean World,
52–54; McDonald,
Jefferson,
78.

16
. Field,
Mediterranean World,
52–53; Dumas Malone,
Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809
(Boston, 1974), 40.

17
. McDonald,
Jefferson,
76.

18
. Allison,
Crescent Obscured,
46–54, 189, 193, 204; Jefferson to John Taylor, March 29, 1805, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(10 vols., New York, 1892–99), 4:574.

19
. Jefferson to Monroe, November 24, 1801, in Ford,
Writings
8:105.

20
. Peter S. Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood
(Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 118–19.

21
. Alexander DeConde,
This Affair of Louisiana
(New York, 1976), 64.

22
. Stephen E. Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West
(New York, 1996), 56.

23
. Malone,
First Term,
250.

24
. Jefferson to Pierre Samuel DuPont, April 25, 1802, quoted in DeConde,
Louisiana,
114–15.

25
. Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802, in Ford,
Writings
8:143–47.

26
. Quoted in Joseph J. Ellis,
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1997), 206.

27
. Tim Matthewson, "Jefferson and Haiti,"
Journal of Southern History
61 (May 1995), 217–29; Donald R. Hickey, "America's Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti,"
Journal of the Early Republic
2 (Winter 1982), 368–69.

28
. Quoted in Matthewson, "Jefferson and Haiti," 230.

29
. DeConde,
Louisiana,
147–75.

30
. Ibid., 210–11.

31
. John Craig Hammond, " 'They Are Very Much Interested in Obtaining an Unlimited Slavery': Rethinking the Expansion of Slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Territories,"
Journal of the Early Republic
23 (Fall 2003), 353–80.

32
. Quoted in Tucker and Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty,
89.

33
. DeConde,
Louisiana,
214–15; Jefferson to John Breckinridge, August 12, 1803, in Ford,
Writings
10:5n.

34
. Matthewson, "Jefferson and Haiti," 234–39; Hickey, "Slave Revolt," 374–76; Tim Matthewson, "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti,"
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
140 (March 1996), 22–47.

35
. Malone,
Second Term,
73; Ford,
Writings
9:381–82.

36
. Thomas P. Abernethy,
The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819
(Baton Rouge, La., 1961), 340–66; J.C.A. Stagg, "James Madison and George Mathews: The East Florida Revolution of 1812 Reconsidered,"
Diplomatic History
30 (January 2006), 29–31.

37
. Stagg, "Madison and Mathews," 32–55.

38
. Robert Allen Rutland,
The Presidency of James Madison
(Lawrence, Kans., 1990), 92.

39
. Peterson,
Jefferson,
762–64.

40
. Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage,
140–395.

41
. Peterson,
Jefferson,
904; John M. Belohlavek, "Economic Interest Groups and the Formation of Foreign Policy in the Early Republic,"
Journal of the Early Republic
14 (Winter 1994), 480–81.

42
. Robert Doughty, Ira Gruber, et al.,
Warfare in the Modern World
, vol. 1,
Military Operations from 1600 to 1871
(Lexington, Mass., 1996), 212–34.