From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (193 page)

12
. Justus D. Doenecke,
The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur
(Lawrence, Kans., 1981), 55.

13
. Fry, "Phases of Empire," 283.

14
. Inaugural Address, March 5, 1877, in James D. Richardson, ed.,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States
(20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 10:4397.

15
. Field, "Worst Chapter," 659.

16
. Quoted in Jeffrey J. Matthews,
Alanson B. Houghton: Ambassador of the New Era
(Wilmington, Del., 2004), 24; Manfred Putz, "Mark Twain and the Idea of American Superiority at the End of the Nineteenth Century," in Serge Ricard, ed.,
An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Politics
(Aix-en-Provence, 1990), 215–35.

17
. Plesur,
Outward Thrust,
103–8.

18
. William L. Neumann,
America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur
(New York, 1963), 72–86; Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu, "For Love of the Game: Baseball in Early U.S.-Japanese Encounters and the Rise of a Transnational Sporting Fraternity,"
Diplomatic History
28 (November 2004), 637–62.

19
. Plesur,
Outward Thrust,
75–86; Michael H. Hunt,
The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914
(New York, 1983), 24–32, 154–65.

20
. Quoted in James T. Campbell,
Surge of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 88–99.

21
. Tunde Andeleke,
UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission
(Lexington, Ky., 1998), especially 111–39.

22
. Jane Hunter, "Women Missionaries and Cultural Conquest," in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson,
Major Problems in American Foreign Relations,
vol. 1,
To 1920
(Boston, 2005), 383–92.

23
. Shannon Smith, "From Relief to Revolution: American Women and the Russian-American Relationship, 1890–1917,"
Diplomatic History
19 (Fall 1995), 601–6.

24
. Plesur,
Outward Thrust,
14–22; Normal Saul,
Concord and Conflict: The United States and Russia, 1867–1914
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 276–81; Daniel Yergin,
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
(New York, 1991), 50–57.

25
. Quoted in John A. Garraty,
The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890
(New York, 1968), 283n.

26
. Robert L. Beisner,
From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900
(2nd ed., 1986), 37.

27
. Fry,
Morgan,
48, 74–75; Tennant S. McWilliams, "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation,"
Pacific Historical Review
57 (February 1988), 39.

28
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
142; Richard E. Welch Jr.,
The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
(Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 161.

29
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
14.

30
. Ibid., 74.

31
. Edward P. Crapol,
James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire
(Wilmington, Del., 2000), xiv, 137–46.

32
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
56–57.

33
. Peter Bridges, "An Appreciation of Alvey Adee,"
American Diplomacy
Web site,
www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2001_10-12/bridges_adee/bridges_adee.html
.

34
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
56–57.

35
. Wanda Faye Jackson, "The Diplomatic Relationship Between the United States and Haiti, 1862–1900" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1999), 49–50.

36
. Ari Hoogenboom,
The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes
(Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 105, 108.

37
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
146.

38
. Lee Burke,
Homes of the Department of State
(Washington, 1977), 43–47.

39
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
70.

40
. Ibid, 138.

41
. Ibid, 70–71, 138–39.

42
. Crapol,
Blaine,
57.

43
. Warren I. Cohen,
America's Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations
(New York, 1971), 35–38; Hoogenboom,
Hayes
, 177–84.

44
. Homer E. Socolofsky and Allan B. Spetter,
The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
(Lawrence, Kans., 1987), 152–54; Campbell,
Transformation,
166–68; David A. Smith, "From the Mississippi to the Mediterranean: The 1891 New Orleans Lynching and its Effects on United States Diplomacy and the American Navy,"
Southern Historian
19 (Spring 1988), 60–85.

45
. Saul,
Concord and Conflict,
397.

46
. Ibid., 249; John Lewis Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 29.

47
. Saul,
Concord and Conflict,
235–40; Gaddis,
Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States,
26–31.

48
. David M. Pletcher, "Rhetoric and Results: A Pragmatic View of American Economic Expansionism, 1865–1898,"
Diplomatic History
5 (Spring 1981), 94–95; Campbell,
Transformation,
85–86.

49
. Pletcher, "Economic Expansionism," 95.

50
. Ibid., 103–5.

51
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
153–56.

52
. Quoted in Campbell,
Transformation,
100–102.

53
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
162.

54
. Ibid., 176.

55
. Welch,
Cleveland,
85.

56
. Campbell,
Transformation,
103.

57
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
67–69, 136–38.

58
. Socolofsky and Spetter,
Harrison,
132–36.

59
. Enrique Krauze,
Mexico, Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico
(New York, 1997), 6; Karl M. Schmitt,
Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973
(New York, 1974), 101–5.

60
. Thomas M. Leonard,
Central America and the United States: The Search for Stability
(Athens, Ga., 1991), 42–44.

61
. Hoogenboom,
Hayes,
189–90.

62
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
66–67.

63
. Leonard,
United States and Central America,
39–40.

64
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
94.

65
. Ibid., 94–97; Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
57–62.

66
. Crapol,
Blaine,
107–8, 112.

67
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
283, 318; Socolofsky and Spetter,
Harrison,
117–18.

68
. Socolofsky and Spetter,
Harrison,
119–23.

69
. Schoultz,
Beneath the United States,
102–6; Socolofsky and Spetter,
Harrison,
146–51.

70
. Crapol,
Blaine,
129–30.

71
. Campbell,
Transformation,
77.

72
. Ibid., 80–81.

73
. Ibid., 83.

74
. Doenecke,
Garfield and Arthur,
177; Welch,
Cleveland,
169.

75
. Campbell,
Transformation,
71.

76
. Quoted in Crapol,
Blaine,
128.

77
. Ibid., 125–26.

78
. Crapol in Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations,"
Pacific Historical Review
65 (May 1996), 302.

1
. Samuel Flagg Bemis,
A Diplomatic History of the United States
(5th ed., New York, 1965), 463; Ivan Musicant,
Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century
(New York, 1998).

2
. Robert L. Beisner,
From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900
(2nd ed., Arlington Heights, Ill., 1986), 78.

3
. David Healy,
U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s
(Madison, Wisc., 1970), 46.

4
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
(New York, 1987), 194.

5
. Warren Frederick Ilchman,
Professional Diplomacy in the United States: An Administrative History
(Chicago, 1961), 71–72.

6
. Frank A. Cassell, "The Columbian Exposition of 1893 and United States Diplomacy in Latin America,"
Mid-America: A Historical Review
67 (October 1985), 109–24.

7
. Robert Muccigrosso,
Celebrating the New World: Chicago's Columbian Exposition of 1893
(Chicago, 1998), 179, 193; Emily S. Rosenberg,
Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945
(New York, 1982), 3.

8
. Charles S. Campbell,
The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900
(New York, 1976), 142.

9
. Beisner,
Old Diplomacy to the New,
74.

10
. Ibid., 74–76.

11
. Ibid., 77; Campbell,
Transformation,
146.

12
. Healy,
U.S. Expansionism,
108.

13
. Kristin L. Hoganson,
Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars
(New Haven, Conn., 1998), 35–40.

14
. Beisner,
Old Diplomacy to the New
, 79; Allen R. Millett and Peter Maslowski,
For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America
(New York, 1984), 255–58.

15
. Russell F. Weigley,
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy
(New York, 1977), 78.

16
. Beisner,
Old Diplomacy to the New,
78.

17
. Ibid., 84.

18
. Ibid., 77; also Walter LaFeber,
The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1866–1898
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), especially 190–97.

19
. Ernest R. May,
American Imperialism: A Speculative Essay
(rev. ed., Chicago, 1991).

20
. Quoted in Healy,
U.S. Expansionism,
38.

21
. Michael H. Hunt,
Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy
(New Haven, Conn., 1987), 77–81.

22
. Healy,
U.S. Expansionism,
95.

23
. Tennant S. McWilliams, "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation,"
Pacific Historical Review
57 (February 1988), 25–46.

24
. Richard E. Welch Jr.,
The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
(Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 171–75.

25
. Steven C. Topik,
Trade and Gunboats: The United States and Brazil in the Age of Empire
(Stanford, Calif., 1996), 120–76.

26
. Welch,
Cleveland,
187–90; Beisner,
Old Diplomacy to the New,
112–15. See also LaFeber,
New Empire,
243–50.

27
. Robert C. Hilderbrand,
Power and the People: Executive Management of Public Opinion in Foreign Affairs, 1877–1921
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 8.