Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh (41 page)

10. Red granite sphinx of Hatchepsut.

11. The standing obelisk of Hatchepsut at the heart of the Temple of Amen, Karnak.

12. a and b. (above and below)
Djeser-Djeseru
.

13. Senenmut and the Princess Neferure.

14. Senenmut and Neferure.

15. Osiride head of Hatchepsut.

16. The carefully erased image of Hatchepsut.

17. Tuthmosis III.

Notes

Introduction

1
Extract from the Speos Artemidos inscription of King Hatchepsut, translation given by Gardiner, A. (1946), The Great Speos Artemidos Inscription,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
32: 43–56.

2
Budge, E. A. W. (1902),
Egypt and Her Asiatic Empire
, London: 1.

3
Naville, E. (1894),
The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir
, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London: 15.

4
Budge, E. A. W. (1902),
Egypt and Her Asiatic Empire
, London: 4.

5
Naville, E. (1906), Queen Hatshopsitu, her life and Monuments, in T. M. Davis (ed.),
The Tomb of Hatshopsitu,
London: 1.

6
Gardiner, A. (1961),
Egypt of the Pharaohs
, Oxford: 184.

7
Hayes, W. C. (1973), Egypt: Internal Affairs from Tuthmosis I to the Death of Amenophis III, in I. E. S. Edwards
et al.,
(eds),
Cambridge Ancient History
, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1: 317.

8
Drioton, E. and Vandier, J. (1938),
L'Egypte: Les Peuples de l'orient méditer-ranéen II
, Paris: 398.

9
O'Connor, D. (1983), in Trigger, B. G. et al., (eds),
Ancient Egypt: a social history
, Cambridge: 196. The abstract concept of
maat
was personified in the form of an anthropoid goddess, the daughter of the sun god, Re. This lady was always depicted as a slender young woman wearing a single tall ostrich feather tied on her head by a hair-band.

10
Consult Lichtheim, M. (1973),
Ancient Egyptian Literature I: the Old and Middle Kingdoms
, Los Angeles: 149–63, for a full translation and discussion of this text.

11
Naville, E. (1894),
The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir
, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London: 9.

Chapter 1 Egypt in the Early Eighteenth Dynasty

1
Extract from the Speos Artemidos inscription of King Hatchepsut, translation given by Gardiner, A. (1946), The Great Speos Artemidos Inscription,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
32:47–8.

2
In a tradition which started during the Old Kingdom, many Egyptian men of rank made permanent records of their achievements in the form of stylized autobiographies which were preserved on the walls of their tombs.

3
For these, and many other Middle Kingdom texts in translation, plus a discussion of the development of Old and Middle Kingdom literature, consult Lichtheim, M. (1973),
Ancient Egyptian Literature I: the Old and Middle Kingdoms
, Los Angeles. See also Parkinson, R. B. (1991),
Voices from Ancient Egypt: an anthology of Middle Kingdom writings
, London.

4
Quoted in Gardiner, A. (1961),
Egypt of the Pharaohs
, Oxford: 155. Josephus claims to be quoting directly from Manetho himself. His explanation of the name ‘Hyksos’ is now known to be incorrect; Hyksos is actually the corrupted Greek version of an Egyptian phrase meaning ‘The Chiefs of Foreign Lands’. We have no knowledge of the precise origins of the Hyksos peoples.

5
The 13th Dynasty Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446 gives some indication of the numbers of these migrants when it records that 45 out of a total of 79 recorded domestic servants were ‘Asiatic’ in origin.

6
As the dynasties represent lines of ruling families or related individuals rather than successive chronological periods it was possible for Egypt, at times of disunity, to be ruled by two or more dynasties at the same time. Thus, the 14th Dynasty appears to have been contemporary with the 13th Dynasty, and Dynasties 15, 16 and 17 were also contemporary, each dynasty ruling over its own, exclusive, territory.

7
Gardiner, A. (1961),
Egypt of the Pharaohs
, Oxford: 167–8.

8
Gardiner, A. (1961),
Egypt of the Pharaohs
, Oxford: 155–6.

9
Extract from The Quarrel of Apophis and Seknenre, translated in Simpson, W. K., ed. (1973),
The Literature of Ancient Egypt: an anthology of stories, instructions and poetry
, New Haven: 77–80.

10
Smith, G. E. (1912),
The Royal Mummies
, Cairo.