Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (157 page)

BOOK: Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire
10.59Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

118
. T. Biskup,
Friedrichs Größe. Inszenierungen des Preußenkönigs in Fest und Zeremoniell, 1740–1815
(Frankfurt, 2012). Among the many biographies the following are worth consulting: T. Schieder,
Frederick the Great
(Harlow, 2000); J. Kunisch,
Friedrich der Große. Der König und seine Zeit
(Munich, 2004). Briefer overviews incorporating the research produced for the Frederick tercentenary: J. Luh,
Der Große. Friedrich II. von Preußen
(Munich, 2011); W. Burgdorf,
Friedrich der Große
(Freiburg im Breisgau, 2011).

119
. R. Zedinger,
Franz Staphen von Lothringen (1708–1765)
(Vienna, 2008).

120
. Aretin,
Das Alte Reich
, II, pp.413–39.

121
. P. C. Hartmann,
Karl Albrecht – Karl VII.
(Regensburg, 1985), p.95; Wilson,
German Armies
, pp.247–60.

122
. Aretin,
Das Alte Reich
, II, pp.442–3.

123
. Ibid, II, pp.449–58; Hartmann,
Karl Albrecht
, pp.194, 217–18, 238, 244–5, 254, 285–90; W. von Hofmann, ‘Das Säkularisationsprojekt von 1743. Kaiser Karl VII. und die römische Kurie’, in
Riezler-Festschrift
(Gotha, 1913), pp.213–59.

124
. A. Schmid,
Max III. Joseph und die europäischen Mächte. Die Aussenpolitik des Kurfürstentums Bayern von 1745–1765
(Munich, 1987), pp.29–235.

125
. Stollberg-Rilinger,
Des Kaisers alte Kleider
, pp.281–4; K. O. Frhr. v. Aretin,
Das Reich
(Stuttgart, 1986), pp.27–8.

126
. Beales,
Joseph II
, I, p.119. See also pp.159–63.

127
. The diplomatic background is covered by H. M. Scott,
The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740–1815
(Harlow, 2006), pp.72–116. See also F. A. J. Szabo,
The Seven Years War in Europe, 1756–1763
(Harlow, 2008); M. Persson, ‘Mediating the enemy: Prussian representations of Austria, France and Sweden during the Seven Years War’,
GH
32 (2014), 181–200; Aretin,
Das Alte Reich
, III, pp.81–111.

128
. As argued by J. Burkhardt,
Vollendung und Neuorientierung des frühmodernen Reiches, 1648–1763
(Stuttgart, 2006), pp.438–41. The war is considered from the Empire’s perspective in Wilson,
German Armies
, pp. 264–80. For an Austrian perspective see M. Hochedlinger,
Austria’s Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797
(Harlow, 2003), pp.330–48.

129
. J. Kunisch,
Das Mirakel des Hauses Brandenburg. Studien zum Verhältnis von Kabinettspolitik und Kriegführung im Zeitalter des Siebenjährigen Krieges
(Munich, 1978).

130
. V. Press, ‘Friedrich der Große als Reichspolitiker’, in Duchhardt (ed.),
Friedrich der Große
, pp.25–56; Wilson, ‘Prussia’s relations’.

131
. M. Hanisch, ‘Friedrich II. und die Preussische Sukzession in Franken in der internationalen Diskussion’, in Duchhardt (ed.),
Friedrich der Große
, pp.81–91; P. P. Bernard,
Joseph II and Bavaria
(The Hague, 1965); Aretin,
Das Alte Reich
, III, pp.183–212.

132
. J. Lukowski,
The Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795
(Harlow, 1999); M. G. Müller,
Die Teilungen Polens 1772, 1793, 1795
(Munich, 1984); T. Cegielski,
Das Alte Reich und die erste Teilung Polens 1768–1774
(Stuttgart, 1988).

133
. M. E. Thomas,
Karl Theodor and the Bavarian Succession, 1777–1778
(Lewiston, NY, 1989); D. Petschel,
Sächsische Außenpolitik unter Friedrich August I
. (Cologne, 2000), pp.47–56.

134
. Stollberg-Rilinger,
Des Kaisers alte Kleider
, pp.288–97; Beales,
Joseph II
, II, pp.408–9.

135
. K. O. Frhr. v. Aretin,
Heiliges Römisches Reich, 1776–1806
(2 vols., Wiesbaden, 1967), I, pp.164–85, and his
Das Alte Reich
, III, pp.299–333. Further discussion of this organization’s aims on pp.640–41.

CHAPTER 10: AUTHORITY

1
. J. B. Freed, ‘Medieval German social history’,
CEH
, 25 (1992), 1–26; S. C. Karant-Nunn, ‘Is there a social history of the Holy Roman Empire?’, in R. J. W. Evans et al. (eds.),
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806
(Oxford, 2011), pp.245–62.

2
. A useful summary of these is in C. Veach,
Lordship in Four Realms
(Manchester, 2014), pp.6–10.

3
. B. Arnold,
Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany
(Cambridge, 1991), pp.67–8.

4
. For the debate on this point see H. K. Schulze,
Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter
(3rd ed., 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1995–2000), I, pp.102–6, II, pp.78–82. For the following see H. Wunder, ‘Peasant communities in medieval and early modern Germany’,
Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin pour l’histoire comparative des institutions
, 44 (1987), 9–52 esp. 22–3.

5
. The literature on this is substantial. Good overviews include A. Verhulst,
The Carolingian Economy
(Cambridge, 2002); W. Rösener,
The Peasantry of Europe
(Oxford, 1994), pp.21, 33–44; W. Troßbach and C. Zimmermann,
Die Geschichte des Dorfs. Von den Anfängen im Frankenreich zur bundesdeutschen Gegenwart
(Stuttgart, 2006), pp.23–6; M. Costambeys et al.,
The Carolingian World
(Cambridge, 2011), pp.234–5, 254–62; J. Laudage et al.,
Die Zeit der Karolinger
(Darmstadt, 2006), pp.172–82.

6
. For examples of Frankish landholding patterns, see M. Innes,
State and Society in the Early Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 2000), pp.51–68.

7
. For the possible origins of the hide see W. Goffart, ‘From Roman taxation to medieval seigneurie’,
Speculum
, 47 (1972), 165–87, 373–94.

8
. G. Duby, ‘Medieval agriculture, 900–1500’, in C. M. Cipolla (ed.),
The Fontana Economic History of Europe
(6 vols., Glasgow, 1972), I, pp.175–220.

9
. H. Fuhrmann,
Germany in the High Middle Ages c.1050–1200
(Cambridge, 1986), p.37.

10
. L. White Jr, ‘The expansion of technology, 500–1500’, in Cipolla (ed.),
Fontana Economic History
, I, pp.143–74.

11
. W. Rösener, ‘Bauern in der Salierzeit’, in S. Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
(3 vols., Sigmaringen, 1991), III, pp.51–73. For Meinward see also H. Wolfram,
Conrad II, 990–1039
(University Park, PA, 2006), pp.285–6. For the following see W. Metz, ‘Wesen und Struktur des Adels Althessens in der Salierzeit’, in Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
, I, pp.331–66.

12
. J. C. Russell, ‘Population in Europe, 500–1500’, in Cipolla (ed.),
Fontana Economic History
, I, pp.25–70 at 36; K. Blaschke,
Bevölkerungsgeschichte von Sachsen bis zur industriellen Revolution
(Weimar, 1967), p.71.

13
. W. Abel,
Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries
(London, 1986), pp.25–7.

14
. G. Fouquet, ‘Das Reich in den europäischen Wirtschaftsräumen des Mittelalters’, in B. Schneidmüller and S. Weinfurter (eds.),
Heilig – Römisch – Deutsch
(Dresden, 2006), pp.323–44 at 329–30; R. S. Lopez,
The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950–1350
(Cambridge, 1976).

15
. W. Rösener, ‘The decline of the classic manor in Germany during the high Middle Ages’, in A. Haverkamp and H. Vollrath (eds.),
England and Germany in the High Middle Ages
(Oxford, 1996), pp.317–30; C. Wickham,
Early Medieval Italy
(Ann Arbor, MI, 1981), pp.111–14, 188.

16
. Troßbach and Zimmermann,
Die Geschichte des Dorfs
, pp.42–3.

17
. Schulze,
Grundstrukturen der Verfassung
, I, pp.95–6.

18
. S. Weinfurter,
The Salian Century
(Philadelphia, 1999), pp.77–8.

19
. Rösener,
Peasantry
, p.66.

20
. W. C. Jordan,
The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century
(Princeton, 1996). For the following: O. J. Benedictow,
The Black Death, 1346–1353
(Woodbridge, 2004); Abel,
Agricultural Fluctuations
, pp.35–48, 102–4.

21
. T. Scott,
Society and Economy in Germany, 1300–1600
(Basingstoke, 2002), pp.72–112.

22
. See S. K. Cohn Jr,
Lust for Liberty: The Politics of Social Revolt in Medieval Europe, 1200–1425
(Cambridge, MA, 2006), pp.205–27.

23
. Rösener,
Peasantry
, pp.64–82; Duby, ‘Medieval agriculture’, pp.212–15.

24
. Abel,
Agricultural Fluctuations
, pp.45–95.

25
. P. H. Wilson,
Europe’s Tragedy
(London, 2009), pp.781–95; Q. Outram, ‘The socio-economic relations of warfare and the military mortality crises of the Thirty Years’ War’,
Medical History
, 45 (2001), 151–84, and his ‘The demographic impact of early modern warfare’,
Social Science History
, 26 (2002), 245–72.

26
. J. Whaley,
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 1493–1806
(2 vols., Oxford, 2012), II, p.454; P. H. Wilson,
From Reich to Revolution: German History, 1558–1806
(Basingstoke, 2004), pp.50, 310, 323.

27
. C. Dipper,
Deutsche Geschichte, 1648–1789
(Frankfurt am Main, 1991), pp.10–75; C. Küther,
Menschen auf der Straße. Vagierende Unterschichten in Bayern, Franken und Schwaben in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts
(Göttingen, 1983).

28
. Full discussion in M. Cerman,
Villagers and Lords in Eastern Europe, 1300–1800
(Basingstoke, 2012).

29
. Rösener,
Peasantry
, pp.81, 104–24. For the following see H. Kaak,
Die Gutsherrschaft
(Berlin, 1991); J. Peters (ed.),
Gutsherrschaft als soziales Modell
(Munich, 1995).

30
. Rösener,
Peasantry
, p.117.

31
. E. Weis, ‘Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs der grundherrschaftlichen Strukturen Deutschlands und Frankreichs vom 13. bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts’,
VSWG
, 57 (1970), 1–14; H. Schissler, ‘The social and political power of the Prussian Junkers’, in R. Gibson and M. Blinkhorn (eds.),
Landownership and Power in Modern Europe
(London, 1991), pp.99–110 at 104; R. Schlögl, ‘Absolutismus im 17. Jahrhundert. Bayerischer Adel zwischen Disziplinierung und Integration’,
ZHF
, 15 (1988), 151–86.

Other books

Unintentional by Harkins, MK
Tainted by Jamie Begley
Shev by Tracey Devlyn
Death of a Glutton by M.C. Beaton
The Silver Swan by Elena Delbanco
Paris Summer by April Lynn Kihlstrom