Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (159 page)

78
. J. Larner,
Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216–1380
(London, 1980), pp.106–27; Scott,
City-State
, pp.18–19.

79
. Luebke,
His Majesty’s Rebels
, pp.220–21.

80
. Haverkamp, ‘Die Städte’, pp.204–8, 231; Scott,
City-State
, pp.51–6.

81
. S. Ogilvie,
State Corporatism and Proto-Industry: The Württemberg Black Forest, 1580–1797
(Cambridge, 1997), pp.59–60.

82
. H.-U. Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
(5 vols., Munich, 2008); M. Hughes,
Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806
(Basingstoke, 1992), pp.110–11; K. Epstein,
The Genesis of German Conservatism
(Princeton, 1966), pp.62–3, 285–9. For the question of economic decline see T. McIntosh,
Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and its Region, 1650–1750
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1997).

83
. D. Albrecht,
Maximilian I. von Bayern, 1573–1651
(Munich, 1998), pp. 394–418; H. J. Querfurth,
Die Unterwerfung der Stadt Braunschweig im Jahre 1671
(Brunswick, 1953).

84
. H. T. Gräf, ‘Small towns in early modern Germany: The case of Hesse, 1500–1800’, in P. Clark (ed.),
Small Towns in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, 1995), pp.184–205; Wilson,
Reich to Revolution
, pp.71, 378–9.

85
. R. Endres, ‘Zur wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Lage in Franken vor dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg’,
Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung
, 28 (1968), 5–52; M. Walker,
German Home Towns
(2nd ed., Ithaca, NY, 1998).

86
. M. Walker,
Johann Jakob Moser and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1981).

87
. Wipo of Burgundy in T. E. Mommsen and K. F. Morrison (eds.),
Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century
(New York, 2000), pp.70–71.

88
. The classic liberal interpretation is presented by F. L. Carsten,
Princes and Parliaments in Germany: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century
(Oxford, 1959). The debate is summarized by R. Esser, ‘Landstände im Alten Reich’,
ZNRG
, 27 (2005), 254–71, with new perspectives in G. Ammerer et al. (eds.),
Bündnispartner und Konkurrenten der Landesfürsten? Die Stände in der Habsburgermonarchie
(Vienna, 2007).

89
. K. H. Marcus,
The Politics of Power: Elites of an Early Modern State in Germany
(Mainz, 2000);

90
. R. Straubel, ‘Heer und höhere Beamtenschaft in (spät-)friderizianischer Zeit’, in P. Baumgart et al. (eds.),
Die preußische Armee zwischen Ancien Régime und Reichsgr-ndung
(Paderborn, 2008), pp.96–106; H. C. Johnson,
Frederick the Great and his Officials
(New Haven, CT, 1975); Whaley,
Germany
, II, p.468; Wilson,
Reich to Revolution
, p.241. The Habsburg statistics exclude clergy and schoolteachers.

91
. Their stories are detailed in the contributions by H. T. Gräf and P. H. Wilson in M. Kaiser and A. Pečar (eds.),
Der zweite Mann im Staat
(Berlin, 2003).

92
. K. J. MacHardy,
War, Religion and Court Patronage in Habsburg Austria
(Basingstoke, 2003), pp.33–4. For European comparisons see B. Guenée,
States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe
(Oxford, 1985), pp.171–91.

93
. D. Carpanetto and G. Ricuperati,
Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685–1789
(London, 1987), pp.54–75; E. L. Cox,
The Green Count of Savoy
(Princeton, 1967), pp.368–70; G. Symcox,
Victor Amadeus II: Absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675–1730
(London, 1983), esp. pp.58–9.

94
. R. Freiin von Oer, ‘Estates and diets in ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire’,
Liber memorialis Georges de Lagarde
(Louvain, 1970), pp.259–81. For the following see also V. Press, ‘The system of Estates in the Austrian hereditary lands and in the Holy Roman Empire’, in R. J. W. Evans and T. V. Thomas (eds.),
Crown, Church and Estates: Central European Politics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(Basingstoke, 1991), pp.1–22.

95
. See the contributions of E. Harding, T. Neu and D. M. Luebke in J. P. Coy et al. (eds.),
The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered
(New York, 2010).

96
. A. Niederstätter,
Österreichische Geschichte, 1278–1411
(Vienna, 2004), pp.285–301.

97
. H. G. Koenigsberger,
Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
(Cambridge, 2001).

98
. T. Winkelbauer, ‘Landhaus und Hofburg’, in H. Manikowska and J. Pánek (eds.),
Political Culture in Central Europe
(Prague, 2005), pp.299–331.

99
. As argued by P. Blickle,
Landschaften im Alten Reich
(Munich, 1973).

100
. B. Stollberg-Rilinger,
Vormünder des Volkes? Konzepte landständischer Repräsentation in der Spätphase des Alten Reiches
(Berlin, 1999); H. Dreitzel,
Absolutismus und ständische Verfassung in Deutschland
(Mainz, 1992). The Estates’ potential to become modern parliaments and form republics is discussed further on pp.594–602.

101
. G. Haug-Moritz,
Die württembergische Ehrbarkeit. Annäherungen an eine bürgerliche Machtelite der Frühen Neuzeit
(Ostfildern, 2009). See also K. Vetter, ‘Die Stände im absolutistischen Preußen’,
Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
, 24 (1976), 1290–306.

102
. G. Droege, ‘Die finanziellen Grundlagen des Territorialstaates in West- und Ostdeutschland an der Wende vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit’,
VSWG
, 53 (1966), 145–61; U. Schirmer,
Kursächsische Staatsfinanzen (1456–1656)
(Stuttgart, 2006).

103
. W. Schulze,
Reich und Türkengefahr im späten 16. Jahrhundert
(Munich, 1978), pp.223–301.

104
. P. H. Wilson,
War, State and Society in Württemberg, 1677–1793
(Cambridge, 1995), pp.37, 208.

105
. J. Brewer,
The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783
(New York, 1988). See also the useful survey across Europe by R. G. Asch, ‘Kriegsfinanzierung, Staatsbildung und ständische Ordnung in Westeuropa im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert’,
HZ
, 268 (1999), 635–71.

106
. For these debates see G. Oestreich,
Neostoicism and the Early Modern State
(Cambridge, 1982); G. Lottes, ‘Disziplin und Emanzipation. Das Sozialdisziplinierungskonzept und die Interpretation der frühneuzeitlichen Geschichte’,
Westfälische Forschungen
, 42 (1992), 63–74. One variant of this approach adds Reformation theology into the mix: R. Po-chia Hsia,
Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550–1750
(London, 1989); P. S. Gorski,
The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe
(Chicago, 2003).

107
. H. Keller, ‘Vom “heiligen Buch” zur “Buchführung”. Lebensfunktionen der Schrift im Mittelalter’,
FMS
, 26 (1992), 1–31 at 21–9. For the following: V. Groebner,
Who Are You? Identification, Deception and Surveillance in Early Modern Europe
(New York, 2007); I. F. McNeely,
The Emancipation of Writing: German Civil Society in the Making, 1790s–1820s
(Berkeley, CA, 2003), esp. pp.35–48.

108
. Whaley,
Germany
, I, p.493. Full coverage in K. Härter and M. Stolleis (eds.),
Repertorium der Policeyordnungen der Frühen Neuzeit
(10 vols., Frankfurt, 1996–2010). See also K. Härter, ‘Security and “Gute Policey” in early modern Europe: Concepts, laws and instruments’,
Historical Social Research
, 35 (2010), 41–65.

109
. Dipper,
Deutsche Geschichte
, pp.70–73.

110
. A. Holenstein,
‘Gute Policey’ und lokale Gesellschaft im Staat des Ancien Régime. Das Fallbeispiel der Markgrafschaft Baden(-Durlach)
(Epfendorf, 2003).

111
. P. Warde,
Ecology, Economy and State Formation in Early Modern Germany
(Cambridge, 2006).

112
. Quote from Walker,
German Home Towns
, p.145. There is an extensive literature highlighting the negative impact of cameralist and police measures: H. Rebel,
Peasant Classes: The Bureaucratization of Property and Family Relations under Early Habsburg Absolutism, 1511–1636
(Princeton, 1983); A. Wakefield,
The Disordered Police State: German Cameralism as Science and Practice
(Chicago, 2009); P. K. Taylor,
Indentured to Liberty: Peasant Life and the Hessian Military State, 1688–1815
(Ithaca, NY, 1994).

113
. J. Schlumbohm, ‘Gesetze, die nicht durchgesetzt werden – Ein Strukturmerkmal des frühneuzeitlichen Staates?’,
Geschichte und Gesellschaft
, 23 (1997), 647–63; K. Wegert,
Popular Culture, Crime and Social Control in 18th-Century Württemberg
(Stuttgart, 1994).

114
. A. Holenstein, ‘Empowering interactions: Looking at statebuilding from below’, in W. Blockmans et al. (eds.),
Empowering Interactions: Political Cultures and the Emergence of the State in Europe, 1300–1900
(Farnham, 2009), pp.1–31.

115
. U. Rublack,
The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany
(Oxford, 1999); R. Blickle, ‘Peasant protest and the language of women’s petitions: Christina Vend’s supplications of 1629’, in U. Rublack (ed.),
Gender in Early Modern German History
(Cambridge, 2002), pp.177–99.

116
. The term ‘inner dynamism’ comes from M. Raeff,
The Well-Ordered Police State: Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600–1800
(New Haven, CT, 1983).

117
.
NTSR
, XIV, 253.

118
. P. H. Wilson, ‘Johann Jacob Moser und die württembergische Politik’, in A. Gestrich and R. Lächele (eds.),
Johann Jacob Moser. Politiker, Pietist und Publizist
(Karlsruhe, 2002), pp.1–25, and his
War, State and Society
, pp.213–33.

119
. G. Haug-Moritz,
Württembergischer Ständekonflikt und deutscher Dualismus
(Stuttgart, 1992), pp.295–453.

120
.
NTSR
, XIV, 249. For the following see W. Kohl (ed.),
Westfälische Geschichte
(3 vols., Düsseldorf, 1983–4), I, pp.620–21;
NTSR
, XVI, part 3, 31–96.

121
. For a measured statement of this interpretation see J. J. Sheehan,
German History, 1770–1866
(Oxford, 1989), pp.11–71.