Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (167 page)

43
. W. Burgdorf, ‘“Das Reich geht mich nichts an”. Goethes
Götz von Berlichingen
, das Reich und die Reichspublizistik’, in Schnettger (ed.),
Imperium Romanum
, pp.27–52. See also idem,
Weltbild
, pp.266–7, 283–318.

44
. Barclay,
Frederick William IV
, pp.31–2. See generally K. Herbers and H. Neuhaus,
Das Heilige Römische Reich
(Cologne, 2010), pp.298–302. Cologne Cathedral was completed in 1880.

45
. L. L. Ping,
Gustav Freitag and the Prussian Gospel: Novels, Liberalism and History
(Bern, 2006); R. Southard,
Droysen and the Prussian School of History
(Lexington, KY, 1995); K. Cramer,
The Thirty Years’ War and German Memory in the Nineteenth Century
(Lincoln, NB, 2007).

46
. Burgdorf,
Weltbild
, pp.262–8.

47
. Ludwig’s son Otto ruled from 1832 until he was deposed by a military coup in 1862. Thereafter, Greece was ruled by monarchs from the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg family until the ‘colonel’s coup’ of 1973.

48
. M. Todd,
The Early Germans
(2nd ed., Oxford, 2004), pp.247–52; G. L. Mosse,
The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich
(New York, 1975), pp.24–63.

49
. The Habsburgs used a black double eagle surmounted by Rudolf II’s dynastic crown as their dynastic imperial symbol between 1804 and 1918.

50
. Hanover, Holstein, Nassau, Frankfurt, Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Homberg were annexed by Prussia, while Parma, Lucca, Naples-Sicily, Tuscany, Modena and the Papal States disappeared into Italy.

51
. B. Jelavich,
Modern Austria
(Cambridge, 1987), pp.72–147; F. Fellner, ‘Reichsgeschichte und Reichsidee als Problem der österreichischen Historiographie’, in Brauneder and Höbelt (eds.),
Sacrum Imperium
, pp.361–74; M. Stickler, ‘Reichsvorstellungen in Preußen-Deutschland und der Habsburgermonarchie in der Bismarckzeit’, in F. Bosbach and H. Hiery (eds.),
Imperium – Empire – Reich
(Munich, 1999), pp.133–54. For the hereditary title see pp.162–3.

52
. E. E. Stengel,
Abhandlungen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisergedankens im Mittelalter
(Cologne, 1965), pp.140–46; Stickler, ‘Reichsvorstellungen’, pp.144–54.

53
. R. Staats,
Die Reichskrone
(2nd ed., Kiel, 2008), pp.36–40.

54
. A converted Cunard paddle steamer, previously called
Britannia
: W. Hubatsch et al.,
Die erste deutsche Flotte, 1848–1853
(Herford, 1981), esp. p.54.

55
. K. Görich,
Die Staufer
(2nd ed., Munich, 2008), p.14; F. Shaw, ‘Friedrich II as the “last emperor”’,
GH
, 19 (2001), 321–39.

56
. The statue was damaged and removed in 1945, but renewed and put back in 1993, perhaps rather insensitively on 1 September, the date celebrated throughout the Second Empire as ‘Sedan Day’, commemorating the victory over France in 1870.

57
. J. Rüger,
The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire
(Cambridge, 2007), pp.154–9.

58
. M. Derndarsky, ‘Zwischen “Idee” und “Wirklichkeit”. Das Alte Reich in der Sicht Heinrich von Srbiks’, in Schnettger (ed.),
Imperium Romanum
, pp.189–205; P. R. Sweet, ‘The historical writing of Heinrich von Srbik’,
History and Theory
, 9 (1970), 37–58; F. Heer,
The Holy Roman Empire
(London, 1968).

59
. M. Hughes,
Nationalism and Society: Germany 1800–1945
(London, 1988); R. Chickering,
‘We Men who Feel most German’: A Cultural Study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914
(London, 1984). For the persistence of multilayered attachments see A. Confino,
The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1997).

60
. Görich,
Die Staufer
, p.15.

61
. B. Schneidmüller, ‘Konsens – Territorialisierung – Eigennutz. Vom Umgang mit spätmittelalterlicher Geschichte’,
FMS
, 39 (2005), 225–46 esp. 242–3; H. K. Schulze,
Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter
(3rd ed., 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1995–2000), I, pp.30–33; F. Graus, ‘Verfassungsgeschichte des Mittelalters’,
HZ
, 243 (1986), 529–89 at 551–9; P. N. Miller, ‘Nazis and Neo-Stoics: Otto Brunner and Gerhard Oestreich before and after the Second World War’,
P&P
, 176 (2002), 144–86.

62
. H. Picker (ed.),
Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier
(3rd ed., Stuttgart, 1977), p.463.

63
. Herbers and Neuhaus,
Das Heilige Römische Reich
, p.301.

64
. F.-L. Kroll, ‘Die Reichsidee im Nationalsozialismus’, in Bosbach and Hiery (eds.),
Imperium
, pp.179–96 at 187–90; M. Pape, ‘Der Karlskult an Wendepunkten der deutschen Geschichte’,
HJb
, 120 (2000), 138–81 at 163–6.

65
. Staats,
Reichskrone
, p.35.

66
. K. R. Ganzer,
Das Reich als europäischen Ordnungsmacht
(Hamburg, 1941); F. W. Foerster,
Europe and the German Question
(New York, 1940).

67
. G. Wolnik,
Mittelalter und NS-Propaganda
(Münster, 2004), p.85.

68
. Kroll, ‘Reichsidee’, pp.181–2.

69
. M. Steinmetz,
Deutschland, 1476–1648
(East Berlin, 1965), pp.184–211; A. Dorpalen,
German History in Marxist Perspective
(Detroit, MI, 1985), pp.76–89.

70
. J. Burkhardt, ‘Europäischer Nachzügler oder institutioneller Vorreiter?’, in Schnettger (ed.),
Imperium Romanum
, pp.297–316 at 300–301; T. Nicklas, ‘Müssen wir das Alte Reich lieben?’,
Archiv für Kulturgeschichte
, 89 (2007), 447–74 at 453–4.

71
. H. J. Berbig, ‘Der Krönungsritus im Alten Reich (1648–1806)’,
ZBLG
, 38 (1975), 639–700 at 688.

72
. Recently, Lenz has denied that the clerical figure depicts Pope Martin:
Badische Zeitung
, 3 July 2010;
Reutlinger General-Anzeiger
, 6 July 2014.

73
. Further discussions of this aspect in J. Whaley, ‘The old Reich in modern memory: Recent controversies concerning the “relevance” of early modern German history’, in C. Emden and D. Midgley (eds.),
German Literature, History and the Nation
(Oxford, 2004), pp.25–49; P. H. Wilson, ‘Still a monstrosity? Some reflections on early modern German statehood’,
HJ
, 49 (2006), 565–76; T. C. W. Blanning, ‘The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation past and present’,
Historical Research
, 85 (2012), 57–70.

74
. A. Wieczorek et al. (eds.),
Die Staufer und Italien. Drei Innovationsregionen im mittelalterlichen Europa
(2 vols., Stuttgart, 2010). Further discussion in Schneidmüller, ‘Konsens’, 225–7.

75
. E.g. H. Soly (ed.),
Charles V, 1500–1558
(Antwerp, 1998).

76
. Quoted in R. Morrissey,
Charlemagne and France
(Notre Dame, IN, 2003), p.300. For an example of this interpretation see F. Pesendorfer,
Lothringen und seine Herzöge
(Graz, 1994), p.31.

77
.
http://www.karlspreis.de
(accessed 8 Oct. 2013). See B. Schneidmüller, ‘Sehnsucht nach Karl dem Großen’,
GWU
, 51 (2000), 284–301 at 284–8; Morrissey,
Charlemagne and France
, pp.272–4.

78
. O. v. Habsburg,
Idee Europa. Angebot der Freiheit
(Munich, 1976), p.42. See also his
Karl IV. Ein Europäischer Friedensfürst
(Munich, 1978).

79
. G. Schmidt, ‘Das frühneuzeitliche Reich – Sonderweg und Modell für Europa oder Staat der Deutschen Nation?’, in Schnettger (ed.),
Imperium
, pp.247–77; J. Whaley, ‘Federal habits: The Holy Roman Empire and the continuity of German federalism’, in Umbach (ed.),
German Federalism
, pp.15–41 esp. 28. Schmidt and Whaley are the foremost exponents of the view that the early modern Empire was the first German nation state.

80
. Chiefly P. C. Hartmann,
Das Heilige Römische Reich deutscher Nation in der Neuzeit, 1486–1806
(Stuttgart, 2005), p.28,
Kulturgeschichte des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 1648 bis 1806
(Vienna, 2001), pp.5, 76, 448, ‘Bereits erprobt: Ein Mitteleuropa der Regionen’,
Das Parlament
, 49–50 (3 and 10 Dec. 1993), 21. Broadly similar arguments have been advanced for the medieval Empire by J. Schatz,
Imperium, Pax et Iustitia. Das Reich
(Berlin, 2000).

81
. Hartmann,
Kulturgeschichte
, pp.21, 55. Habsburg,
Idee Europa
, p.37, also presents the Empire as superior to the nation state.

82
. Post on
http://www.german-foreign-policy.com
(29 Aug. 2006).

83
.
Die Zeit
, no.26 (2000);
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, 31 May 2000, no.5.

84
. W. Heun, ‘Das Alte Reich im Lichte der neueren Forschung’, in H. Schilling et al. (eds.),
Altes Reich und neue Staaten 1495 bis 1806
, II,
Essays
(Dresden, 2006), pp.13–15; Reinhard, ‘Frühmoderner Staat’, 342–3.

85
. B. Simms, ‘The ghosts of Europe past’,
The New York Times
, 9 June 2013. Further discussion in P. H. Wilson, ‘The
Immerwährende Reichstag
in English and American Historiography’, in H. Rudolph (ed.),
Reichsstadt, Reich, Europa. Neue Perspektiven auf dem Immerwährenden Reichstag zu Regensburg (1663–1806)
(Regensburg, 2015), pp.107-24

86
. The classic definition of the sovereign state was articulated around 1900 by Max Weber: H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.),
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
(London, 1948), pp.78–80. Useful insight in J. J. Sheehan, ‘The problem of sovereignty in European history’,
AHR
, 111 (2006), 1–15.

87
. H. Behr, ‘The European Union in the legacies of imperial rule? EU accession politics viewed from a historical comparative perspective’,
European Journal of International Relations
, 13 (2007), 239–62. For the following see S. Weichlein, ‘Europa und der Föderalismus’,
HJb
, 125 (2005), 133–52.

88
. J. Zielonka,
Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union
(Oxford, 2006); O. Wæver, ‘Imperial metaphors: Emerging European analogies to pre-nation-state imperial systems’, in O. Tunander et al. (eds.),
Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe
(London, 1997), pp.59–93.