Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (170 page)

capitularies 80, 320, 403, 605, 687

Capua, duchy 191, 345, 618, 701, 710

cardinals, college 54, 68, 71

Carinthia, duchy: nobles 368; origins 187, 203, 336, 709; princely status 361; rulers 343, 349, 351, 382, 383, 388, 428, 724, 725, 741

Carinthians, tribe 203

Carl Albrecht
see
Charles VII

Carl Alexander (1684–1739), duke of Württemberg from 1733 471

Carl Eugen (1728–93), duke of Württemberg from 1739 427

Carl Friedrich (1728–1811), margrave of Baden from 1771 640

Carl Leopold (1678–1747), duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1713–28 154

Carl Theodor (1724–99), elector Palatine from 1742 481

Carlmann (830–80), king of Bavaria from 876 338

Carniola
see
Krain

Carolina law code (1532) 221, 608, 628, 641, 666

Carolingians: and Byzantium 27, 141; civil wars 41, 47–8, 82, 88, 185, 187, 196, 201, 203, 247, 300–301, 340–41; extinction 256, 341–2, 346; and imperial church 84–5, 86–8, 90, 702; kingly ideal 296; origins 25, 246; governance 9, 36, 40–41, 44–5, 47–8, 179–80, 182, 201, 302–3, 308, 318, 319–21, 326–7, 331–3, 335–42, 403, 432, 605, 612–13, 616–17, 702–3; in Italy 25–6, 35–6, 38, 41, 47–8, 180, 182, 185, 187–9, 195, 225, 315, 341, 488, 505, 701–6; legacy 430; Renaissance 33, 266; symbols 267–9; warfare 79, 212, 320–21, 329; West Frankish 155–6, 201, 269, 315, 341, 705, 706;
see also
Franks

Carpetto 225–6

Carretto family 224

cartography 183, 253–4, 272, 679

castellans 333, 554

castles: as communities 250; construction 202, 203, 208, 332–3, 371, 490, 504, 710; and crown lands 333, 355; demolished 558; garrisons 329, 333; jurisdiction over 333, 343; possession of 354, 367, 518, 554; princely 371, 374, 376, 501

Castile, kingdom 149, 164–5

Catalonia 164

Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty (1559) 742

cathedrals: constructed 60, 86, 90, 182, 490, 670; design 91–2, 600; and ecclesiastical governance 371; and monarchy 86, 273, 296, 332; numbers 86; as tombs 67, 92, 248; and urban development 505, 514

Catherine II ‘the Great’ (1726–96), Russian empress from 1762 155, 169, 220

Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) 112

Catholic League (1608): formation 124, 440, 564, 743; membership 441, 564–5; organization 564–5, 744

Catholicism: adherents 120, 471, 548, 577–8, 590, 596, 659, 748; baroque 31, 129; discriminated 675; and imperial title 117, 278, 288, 430–31; legal status 116, 650, 740

Cavour, treaty (1561) 119

censorship 105, 108, 266, 275–6, 279, 644, 656, 667

ceremony: court 221, 319, 408, 479–80; diplomatic 162, 478; disputes 176, 419–20, 474, 640; homage 285, 308, 330, 365, 430, 432, 481; interpretations 472; national 672–3; at Reichstag 286, 411, 473, 640;
see also
coronations;
deditio
; investiture

Chadé
see
God’s House League

Châlons 195

chancelleries 259–60, 367;
see also
arch chancellor; imperial chancellery

chapel: location 332; princely 129, 367; royal and imperial 90, 93, 284, 319–20, 349

chapters, cathedral and abbey 93, 123, 371–2, 375, 398, 527–8, 539, 561

Charlemagne (742–814), emperor from 800; appearance 25, 31, 300; Bible 263, 273, 311; and Byzantium 27, 141, 142; canonization 31, 32, 257, 715; conquests 25–6, 36, 45, 81, 84, 141, 187, 203–4, 340, 702; coronation 2, 26–7, 29, 38, 161, 703, 717; court 266; crown 161, 267, 270, 673, 677; governance 40, 188–9, 321, 332, 337, 616–17; and imperial church 86, 87, 702; interpretations 2, 321; and Jews 100; legacy 8, 33, 38, 39, 142, 155–7, 161–2, 246, 256, 298, 422, 667, 671, 677, 681; and Muslims 145; oath of loyalty 308; and papacy 6, 26–7, 49, 138, 155; portrait 269, 665; sword 268, 311; throne 45; and written culture 27, 321

Charlemagne Prize 681

Charles I
see
Charlemagne

Charles II ‘the Bald’ (823–77), king of West Francia (843) and emperor (875): realm 340, 704; Roman expedition 330; title 256

Charles III ‘the Fat’ (839–88), emperor from 882; deposed 48, 340; governance 341, 704; name 340

Charles IV (1316–78), emperor from 1355; anti-Semitism 103–4, 726; appearance 270; and Burgundy 197–9, 727; character 389; coronation 393, 726; court 391, 432, 726; cultural policies 269–70, 391, 429, 726; education 300; election 35, 216, 389; finances 390, 392–3, 445; governance 71, 273, 307, 384, 389–94, 395, 401, 425, 553, 573, 622, 725–6; and Italy 70, 194, 282, 318; and papacy 70, 73; Roman expeditions 70, 282, 392–3, 622, 726; and son 302, 307, 391–2

Charles V (1500–1558), king of Spain (1516) and emperor (1519): abdication 439, 741; contemporary expectations 40; coronation 74, 149, 183, 739; death 435, 439; election 110, 157, 298, 308–9, 552; finances 448, 450, 456, 464; governance 117, 194, 224, 227–8, 318, 410, 434–5, 467, 522, 739–40; imperial reform 642; legacy 672, 678, 681; letters 323; and papacy 74, 110–11, 738–9; partitions empire 117, 123, 422, 429, 436, 438–9, 741; and Persia 150; possessions 46, 165, 428, 577; power 73, 144, 166, 422, 438, 739; and Reformation 109, 111–12, 114–16, 119, 737; and Spain 148, 164–5, 167, 422, 434, 436, 737, 741; symbols 74, 115, 137–8, 183, 272; travels 165, 434; wars 114–15, 137, 149, 176, 230, 299

Charles VI (1685–1740), emperor from 1711; accession 222, 287, 470, 632; death 158, 476, 750; dynasticism 363, 583; and Italy 226; and Prussia 475; and Spain 166, 470

Charles VII (1697–1745), elector of Bavaria (1726) and emperor (1742): coronation 310; election 286, 290, 309, 477; as emperor 158, 270, 408, 424, 434, 477–8, 523, 561, 632, 750; finances 453; legacy 479

Charles VI (1368–1422), king of France from 1380 197–8

Charles VIII (1470–98), king of France from 1483 157

Charles I (1600–1649), king of England and Scotland from 1625 600

Charles II (1661–1700), king of Spain from 1665 166

Charles XII (1686–1718), king of Sweden from 1697 476

Charles of Anjou (1227–85), king of Sicily from 1266 66–7, 318

Charles ‘the Bold’ (1433–77), duke of Burgundy from 1467 200, 734

Charles (1270–1325), count of Valois 156

Charles Emanuel I (1562–1630), duke of Savoy from 1580 227

Charles Martel (c.688–741), Frankish mayor of the palace 25, 87, 319

Charolais 200

charters: for associations 548–9; defined 322; for cities 242, 334, 463–4, 507, 514, 606, 714; for commoners 517; for ecclesiastical princes (1220) 93–4, 359–60, 367, 376, 517, 606, 718; language 259; as laws 605–6, 610; for popes 29, 49; issued by princes 358; regional variations 383; registration 367; seals for 269; for secular princes (1231) 359–60, 367, 376, 517, 527, 572, 606, 622, 718; for vassals 334, 390, 392, 497, 525, 706

Chemnitz, Bogislav Philipp von (1605–78) 279, 639

Chevènement, Jean-Pierre (b.1939) 682

Chile 165

China: emperor 42, 331; governance 179; society 180, 235; trade 168; warlords 175, 379, 461

chivalry 241

Christendom: bulwark 143, 299; and Empire 5, 19–20, 41, 111, 138, 145, 272; extent 77–8, 143; ideal 77, 236, 250; and international order 169–70

Christian I (1426–81), king of Denmark from 1448 219

Christianity: conversions to 78, 80, 82; and Empire 6, 19–33; promotion of 19–20, 31, 49, 52–3, 77–89, 92, 94–9, 140, 182, 204–7, 209, 212, 296, 605, 699, 702, 706; written culture 13–14, 22, 29, 78, 80–81, 99, 101, 109;
see also
imperial church

Christina (1628–89), queen of Sweden 1632–54 220

chronicles 251, 252, 296, 303, 320, 610

Chur, bishopric 528, 585

church liberty
see libertas ecclesiae

Cilli 361

Cirksena family 584

Cistercian order 39, 208, 273, 367, 492

citizenship 41–2, 104, 162, 518, 528, 600, 685–6; ‘false’ 518;
see also
imperial cities

Città Santa Maria 147

city wars
see
First City War; Second City War

civil wars: Frankish 25, 41, 47–8, 82, 88, 185, 187, 196, 201, 203, 247, 300–301, 340–41; in 1073–1106 58–60, 97–8, 102, 199, 350–52, 362, 514, 618, 620, 710–12; in 1127–35 352, 713; in 1198–1214 64–6, 69, 156, 192, 207, 213, 302, 355, 359, 516, 570, 618, 622, 716–17; in 1237–57 306, 376, 378, 719–20; in 1298 67, 387; in 1314–25 69, 302, 388–9, 725; in 1346–7 103, 389, 725; in 1349 389, 398;
see also
Thirty Years War

civilization: ‘clash of’ 78–9; definitions 6, 149, 684; ‘Germanic’ 258, 671, 675, 680

Clemens August of Bavaria (1700–1761), elector of Cologne (1723), bishop of Münster (1719), Paderborn (1719), Hildesheim (1724) and Teutonic grand master (1732)) 133

Clement II (d.1047), pope from 1046 51

Clement III (1025–1100), anti-pope from 1084 59

Clement V (c.1260–1314), pope from 1305 68

Clement VII (1478–1534), pope from 1523 74, 149, 738–9

clergy: burial 371; corporate rights 528, 541–2; criticism of 50–53, 513; dependent labour for 60, 91, 489, 492, 506; education 90, 113, 320; electoral rights 47, 61, 92–3, 123, 133, 305, 371–2, 398, 504, 505, 592; hierarchy 371; ideal 90, 92, 93; identity 242, 504; marriage 57, 241; military obligations 53, 87, 93, 201, 329–30, 358; as officials 284, 319–20, 517, 525–6, 706; origins 22; political representation 528, 594; recruitment 52, 80, 86, 90, 92, 556; role 81, 87–8, 90; supervision of 22–3, 52–7, 84–6, 88–9, 92–4, 112–14, 116, 119–20; taxation 545; wealth 498;
see also
cardinals; concubinage; imperial church; missionaries

Clermont, church council (1095) 97

Cleves, duchy 373, 375, 598–9

Cleves-Berg
see
Berg: grand duchy

clientelism
see
patronage

Clovis (c.466–511), Frankish king 24, 155, 238, 700

Cluny, abbey 52, 489

coats of arms 231, 251, 253, 268, 270, 419, 521, 590, 673, 679

Cobenzl, Ludwig (1757–1809) 162

Coburg, duchy

Cochleaus, Johannes (1479–1552) 263–4

co-emperors 312

coinage
see
currency

co-kings: elections 308; last 388, 401; rebellions 59, 313; role 312–13, 317, 434

Cola di Rienzo (1313–54) 35

Colmar, imperial city

Cologne, archbishopric and electorate: electoral title 258, 306; Estates 528; foundation 84, 86, 702; governance 526; and imperial coronations 75, 301, 310; imperial taxes 451; influence 92, 199, 319, 320, 346, 358, 373, 380, 386, 387, 440, 458, 552, 569, 615, 620, 642, 722, 748; palace 433, 517; rulers 123, 133, 318, 344, 539, 569, 742, 748; sequestrated 456, 570; territory 359, 361, 372–3

Cologne cathedral 670

Cologne, imperial city: and archbishop 505, 517; emancipation 252, 514; governance 515; palace 332; papal nuncio 134; population 507; and Reichstag 577, 736; royal entrée 285; trade 571

Cologne War (1583–7) 742

colonization 94–7, 510

Comenian dynasty 138

comital titles: accumulation of 347, 356, 375, 413, 415, 718; basis for duchies 351, 373; basis for monarchy 379; and imperial church 341, 356, 372, 513, 718; in Italy 188–9, 341, 349, 505, 513, 14; numbers 336; origins 55–4, 336–7, 612; sale 571;
see also
imperial counts; marcher lordships

commendation 329

commercialization 369–70, 463, 491–2, 525, 537, 544

‘common good’; defined 499; disputes over 499; ideal 253, 488–500, 530, 535, 539; promotion of 500, 535–50

‘common man’ 112, 243, 499–501, 549

‘common woman’ 501

Common Penny (
Gemeiner Pfennig
) 404–5, 434, 445–6, 449, 557, 589, 591, 735

communalism 579–94; defined 579, 687

communities: Alpine 510, 585–91; basis 250–52; divisions within 68, 130, 224, 282 , 510–12, 519–22, 579–80, 584, 588–91, 592–3, 635; relationship to Empire 11, 42, 252–4, 508–24, 579–94; ideal 250, 499–500, 513, 518, 579; Jewish 103, 105; leaders 499; oligarchy 193, 265, 519–22, 568; and political order 503, 675–6; self-government 12, 508–17, 579–94, 675;
see also
associations

Como, town 569

conciliarism 71–2, 397, 402, 730, 733

concordats 109, 114, 136, 732–3;
see also individual entries

concubinage 52, 57, 89

Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13) 545, 567, 654, 656–63, 753