Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (274 page)

65.
The Criteria of National Policy stated that Japan would advance by gradual, peaceful means “toward the southern Seas.” The Foreign Policy of the Empire declared “the South Seas region” to be “essential for the empire's industry and national defense,” and “a natural region for our future racial development. We must refrain, however, from provoking countries that have relations there, strive to dispel their fears of the Empire, and advance peacefully and gradually.” Gaimush
, ed.,
Nihon gaik
nenpy
narabi ni shuy
bunsho, ge
(Hara Shob
, 1969), pp. 344–45, 347.

66.
Yoshizawa Minami,
Sens
kakudai no k
zu: Nihongun no “Futsuin shinch
” (Aoki Shoten, 1986). This is a pioneering study of how conflicts and splits developed among the groups formulating national policy during 1940. His thesis of “parallel arguments” in policy documents is as applicable to the period following the February 1936 uprising as it is to the situation in 1940. A useful study of policy making that applies Yoshizawa's insights is Moriyama Atsushi,
NichiBei kaisen no seiji katei
(Yoshikawa K
bunkan, 1998).

67.
“Kokusaku no kijun,” Aug. 7, 1936, in Yamada Akira, ed.,
Gaik
shiry
: kindai Nihon no b
ch
to shinryaku
(Shin Nihon Shuppansha, 1997), p. 250.

68.
Yamada,
Gunbi kakuch
no kindaishi,
p. 10. For a contemporary discussion of Hirota's policies, see T. A. Bisson,
Japan in China
(Macmillan Company, 1938), pp. 222–35.