How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (83 page)
Read How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity Online
Authors: Rodney Stark
Tags: #History, #World, #Civilization & Culture
Casement, Roger,
365
cash economy,
132–33
Cassander,
27
catapults,
24
Catholic Church: causes of the Reformation and,
264–65
; Galileo and,
318–20
; opposition to translations of Bible,
352
; organization and contributions during the Dark Ages,
116–18
; papal opposition to African slavery,
229
; response to Luther’s writings,
266
,
267
; rise of capitalism and,
131–37
; support for democracy in northern Italy,
129
; theological reformulations affecting price and interest,
135–37
; wealth during the Dark Ages,
131–32
.
See also
Christendom; Christianity
Catholic Reformation,
280
Catholic slave codes,
230–32
cavalry: Battle of Hastings and,
99
; Battle of Tours/Poitiers and, 89;
during the Dark Ages,
85–86
; Roman,
64
censuses: in England,
99
Ceuta,
205
Chadwick, Sir Henry,
34–35
Chadwick, Owen,
273
Chaeronea, Battle of,
31
Champlain, Samuel de,
225
charcoal,
189
chariot races,
54
Charles the Simple,
98
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor): Knights of Malta and,
288
; Luther and,
263
,
267
; Ottomans and,
286
,
288
,
289
; Schmalkaldic Wars,
277
; Spanish Empire and,
241
,
243–44
,
255
,
262
Cheng Ho,
44–45
Cherokee Indians,
236–37
child labor,
335
chimneys,
156–57
China: conceptions hostile to science,
316
; European trade with and knowledge of,
200–202
; exploitation, stagnation, and repression in ancient China,
10
,
11–13
; gunpowder and,
196
; magnetic compass and,
203
; military capabilities compared to the West,
182
; modernity and,
370
; opposition to change and progress,
43–45
; trade with Italy,
192–93
; views of commerce,
344
; Western gunboats and,
361–62
Chirot, Daniel,
370
Christendom: Christianizing the Vikings,
113–16
; Church of Power and Church of Piety,
112–13
; concept of,
94
; impact of church-state relationships on the Reformation,
273–74
; organization and contributions of the Church during the Dark Ages,
116–18
; organized diversity and the Reformation,
280–81
.
See also
Catholic Church; Christianity
Christian III (king of Denmark),
273–74
Christianity: abolition of European slavery and,
121–25
; Aristotelian logic and,
28
; the Black Death and,
150–52
; blamed for the fall of Rome,
60
; concepts of a rational creator,
39–40
; early Christianity and Greek philosophy,
35–38
,
39–40
; faith in progress,
40–42
; free will and,
120–21
; Goths and,
65
; human rights and,
125
; impact of church-state relationships on the Reformation,
273–74
; modernity and the Christian notions of God,
45
; rise in the Roman era,
57–59
; rise of capitalism and,
119
,
131–37
,
139
; rise of science and,
315–18
,
320
,
321
; “Romanization” of,
59
; technological progress and,
321
; treatment of Christians in Islamic culture,
299–300
; virtue of work,
134–35
Christian missionaries.
See
missionaries
Christian persecution: Anglicanism and the persecution of dissenters in England,
263
,
277
; in Islamic culture,
300–301
,
302
; in Rome,
58–59
Christian theology: natural philosophy and,
160–62
; rationalism and,
159–60
; rise of science and,
315–18
,
320
Chrysippus,
38
city-states (Greek): constitutions and,
19
; economics and,
20–21
; endemic warfare and,
29–31
; size and independence of,
14
; slavery and,
29
city-states (Italian capitalist),
138–39
Clearchus,
17
Clegg, Brian,
172
Clement IV (pope),
172
Clendinnen, Inga,
222
clepsydra.
See
water clocks
Clermont
(steamboat),
333
climate and climatic changes: historical study of,
143
; methods of studying,
145
; during the Middle Ages,
144–48
clinker-built ships,
195
Clovis II,
124
coal mining,
189–90
coal power: English capitalism and,
189–91
; Industrial Revolution and,
343
Cobbett, William,
352
Cochin,
209
codfish,
96
Cohen, Edward,
20
Cohne, I. Bernard,
179
Colish, Marcia L.,
163–64
Colón, Cristóbal.
See
Columbus, Christopher
colonialism.
See
European colonialism; New World colonialism
Colosseum,
55
Columbus, Christopher (Cristóbal Colón),
195
,
199
,
210–13
,
233
,
237
,
242
command economy: in ancient empires,
11–13
; the Ottomans and,
294
commerce: ancient views of,
343–44
; the Industrial Revolution and,
344–46
commune: of Venice,
127
communications: European colonialism and,
363–64
Communist Manifesto
(Marx and Engels),
339
Company of Cathay,
226
compasses,
203–4
Concordat of Bologna,
273
Confucianism,
160
Constantinople: Ottoman capture of,
284–86
; sack of in 1204,
105
; Viking attack on,
93–94
Constantius,
343
constitutions: the Greeks and,
19
conversion.
See
religious conversion
Cortés, Hernán,
220–21
Cort, Henry,
329
cotton gin,
327
cotton mills: child labor and,
335
; Industrial Revolution and,
326–27
Council of Granges,
124
Counter-Reformation,
280
Creasy, Edward,
89
Crécy, Battle of,
196
credit: development of capitalism and,
133
crop rotation,
77
crossbow teams,
109
Crouzet, François,
347
Crowley, Roger,
290
crusader kingdoms: conquest by the Muslims,
283–84
,
286–88
; origins and overview of,
107–9
Crusades: crossbows,
85
; crusader kingdoms,
107–9
,
283–84
,
286–88
; events of the First Crusade,
103–5
(
see also
First Crusade); Italian naval strength and,
195
; the Normans and,
94
; origins of,
84
,
102
; recruitment of knights,
103
; victories against the Muslims,
105–7
; “war crimes” and massacres,
109–12
Cuba,
211
“cultural imperialism,”
366
Cyrus the Younger,
17
Dampier, Sir William,
159
dams,
78
Dark Ages: Carolingian interlude,
90–91
; decline of literary and artistic works,
73–74
; defining factors,
71
; disunity and progress during,
69
; economic civilization of the Germanic peoples,
73
; geography of disunity,
74
; high culture,
82–83
; literacy in,
72–73
; manufacturing and trade,
72
,
80–82
; migrations and disunity,
75–76
; the Muslim threat and the Battle of Tours/Poitiers,
86–90
; myth of,
70–74
,
91
.
69
; standard of living in,
73
,
77–78
; technological progress,
76–80
; warfare and innovation,
84–86