How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (86 page)

Hodgson, G. S.,
295

Hodgson, Marshall,
299

Holland: creation of the Zuiderzee,
147–48
.
See also
Netherlands

Holy Land.
See
Crusades

Holy League fleet,
292–94

Holy Roman Emperor,
91

Homer,
22

Honorius,
66

hoplites,
15

Hormisdas (pope),
112

horses and horse power,
77
,
79
.
See also
cavalry

House of Habsburg,
243

House of Trastámara,
243

House of Valois-Burgundy,
243

Hughes, J. Donald,
233

human dissection,
164–65

human rights: in Judaism and Christianity,
125

human sacrifice,
221–22
,
233
,
234

Humboldt, Wilhelm von,
29

Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-’Ibadi (Johannitius),
297

Huntington, Samuel P.,
370

Hutton, Barbara,
110

hydraulic screw,
23

ice cores,
145

Iceland,
145–46
,
202

Iconoclastic Fury,
249

Idea of Progress, The
(Bury),
40

Image of the World
(d’Ailly),
177
,
210

immigration: to North America,
260
,
353–54
; Spanish immigration to the Americas,
259–60

Imperialism, Age of,
364–66

impetus,
176

Incas,
222–24
,
238
,
239
,
242

India: Maurya Empire,
10–11
; Portuguese voyages to,
208–9

indulgences: basis for,
264–65
; Luther’s critique of,
265–66

Industrial Revolution: coal energy and,
343
; commerce and,
343–46
; concerns and disenchantments,
326
,
334–37
; cotton industry,
326–27
; impact on the quality of life,
325–26
; invention of the steam engine,
327–28
; iron industry,
328–29
; organized invention and,
354–55
; as a product of freedom and the pursuit of knowledge,
337
; railroads,
329–32
; rise of English capitalism,
184–91
; rise of the bourgeoisie and,
339–47
; steamboats,
332–33
; in the United States,
347–54
; urbanization and agriculture,
333–34

inertia,
176
,
303

Inge the Elder,
115

Innocent (pope),
112

Innocent II (pope),
85

Innocent IV (pope),
201

Innocent XII (pope),
309–10

interest: Christian theologians on,
135–37
; in Islam,
137

invention, organized,
354–55

Iona monastery,
97

Ionians,
38

Ireland: potato famine,
365
; Vikings raids and settlements,
97
,
98

Irenaeus,
36

iron cannonballs,
197

iron industry: in ancient China,
12–13
; blast furnaces,
194
,
328
; Industrial Revolution and,
328–29

Irwin, Robert,
110

Isabella of Castile: anti-Semitism,
302
; Columbus and,
210
,
211
,
213
;
marriage to Ferdinand II,
241
; power over the Church,
273
; Spanish indebtedness and,
255

Ishaq, ibn,
296

Isidore of Beja,
89

Islam: battles against the Franks,
87–90
; conceptions hostile to science,
316–17
; conquests in the 600s,
86–87
; “Golden Era,”
43
; Greek philosophy and,
298–99
; illusions about Islamic culture,
294–302
; opposition to reason and progress,
42–43
; role of thinkers in,
161
; slavery and,
125–26
; treatment and persecution of Christians and Jews,
299–302
; usury and,
137
.
See also
Muslims; Ottoman Empire

Israel, Jonathan,
249

Italy: banks in development of the Flanders woolen industry,
182–84
; banks in the origin of English capitalism,
184
; Black Death in,
149–50
; capitalist-city states,
138–39
; democracy in Venice and Genoa,
126–29
; early innovations in the rise of banks,
138
; Muslim conquest,
87
; naval strength in the Middle Ages,
194–95
; Norman Kingdom of Sicily,
100–101
; Revolt of the Ciompi,
155
; trade with China,
192–93

Jabbār, Abd al-,
298

Jackson, Jesse,
1

Jacquerie,
155

Jamaica,
212
,
227

Janissaries,
284
,
287
,
289
,
291

Jerome, Saint,
60

Jerrad, Elizabeth,
278–79

Jerusalem: capture by Muslims in 638,
86
; capture by Saladin,
110
; capture by the Seljuk Turks,
102
; capture during the First Crusade,
106–7
; Dome of the Rock,
295–96
; as a Greek city,
34
; Kingdom of,
107
,
108
,
109

Jesus Christ: on usury,
135

Jewish Diaspora,
34

Jews: Christian reaction to the Black Death and,
151–52
; persecution in Islamic culture,
301–2
; treatment in Islamic culture,
299–300

John Chyrsostom,
41

John I (king of Portugal),
205
,
208

John II (king of Portugal),
210

John of Austria,
292

John of Avis,
205

John of Montecorvino,
201–2

John of Sacrobosco,
171

Jones, A. H. M.,
61

Jones, E. L.,
10
,
11
,
74

Josephus,
18

Judaism: free will and,
120–21
; Hellenism and,
33–35
; human rights and,
125
; idea of progress and,
40
; science and,
316

Judith
(ship),
245

Jundishapur,
297

Justin Martyr,
36–37
,
39

“just price,”
136

Jutland, Battle of,
361

Kamen, Henry,
257

Kearney, Hugh F.,
312
,
314

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson),
364

Kepler, Johannes,
178
,
309
,
317

Kerbogha,
106

Khalidi, Tarif,
42–43

Khawlani, al-, Al-Samh ibn Malik,
87–88

Khrusau, Nasir-i,
297

Kiev,
93
,
94

Kim, Hyojoung,
269–70
,
271

Kingdom of Sicily,
100–101

Klak, Harold,
115

Klein, Herbert S.,
231

Klein, Maury,
350

knarrs,
95–96

Knights Hospitallers,
108–9
,
284

Knights of Malta,
288
,
290–92

Knights of St. John,
286–88

Knights Templar,
108–9
,
284

knowledge: the Industrial Revolution and,
337
; rise of the West and,
159–60

Kocher, Paul J.,
311

Kroeber, Alfred L.,
32

Kwakiutl Indians,
236

labor costs: Industrial Revolution and,
341–43
.
See also
wages

Lacey, Jim,
16

Laird, John,
361

Laird, Macgregor,
359

La Isabela colony,
220

Lamb, Hubert,
143

La Navidad colony,
211
,
212

Landnámabók
,
116

landowners: economic consequences of the Black Death,
153–55

L’Anse aux Meadows,
146

Lao-tzu,
160

La Salle, Robert de,
225

las Casas, Bartolomé de,
228

latifundia
,
49

Latin Quarter (Paris),
167

latitude: Viking determination of,
96

Lawrence, T. E.,
111

Laws
(Plato),
27

legions,
56

Leibniz, Gottfried,
40

Leipzig-Dresden Railway,
331

Lenin, V. I.,
368

Leo III,
90–91

Leopold II (king of Belgium),
365

Leo X (pope),
266
,
273

Lepanto, Battle of,
292–94

Lesser Antilles,
212