How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity (82 page)

Athens: Anaxagoras and,
26
; ancient population,
14
; Battle of Marathon,
16
; defeat by Philip of Macedon,
32
; democracy and,
19
; endemic warfare and,
29–30
; oath taken by soldiers,
18
; peak of,
32
; slavery and,
29
; Stoics and,
28

“Atlantic Mediterranean,”
206–7

Atlantic trade: rise of the bourgeoisie and,
344–45

atrocities: of the crusader era,
109–12
; New World colonialism and,
237
.
See also
Christian persecution

Augustine, Saint: belief in progress,
39–41
; on free will,
120
; on Moses and the Greeks,
36
; reason and,
39–40
,
161
; views of commerce,
131

Aurelius, Marcus,
148

Avicenna,
296

Ayton, Andrew,
84

Azores,
206–7

Aztecs,
220–22
,
233
,
234
,
239

Bacon, Roger,
171
,
172–73
,
196
,
200
,
304–5
,
311

Baghdad,
86

Bahamas,
211
,
227

Bailyn, Bernard,
354

Bakht-Ishū’,
296

Baldwin of Boulougne,
107

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
331

bankruptcy laws,
350

banks: development of the woolen industry in Flanders and,
182–84
; early Italian innovations in the rise of,
138
; Greek invention of,
20–21
; origins of English capitalism and,
184

Barbados,
231
,
258

Barberini, Maffeo,
318

Barbour, Violet,
253

Baretti, Giuseppe,
318

bar iron,
329

barter: replacement by cash economy,
132–33

Basilica (cannon),
284–85

Bathilda, Saint,
124

battle-axes,
65
,
81
,
95

battleships,
360–61

Baumol, William K.,
340–41

Bavarian Ludwig Railway,
331

Bawlf, Samuel,
246

Baybars,
108
,
111

Bayezid II,
42

Becket, Saint Thomas à,
274

Beckett, J. V.,
345
,
346

Bede, Saint,
75

Beeldenstorm
(Iconoclastic Fury),
249

Beg, Ulugh,
301

Belgian Congo,
365

Belgrade,
286

Bell, Alexander Graham,
354

Belloc, Hilaire,
274
,
362

Bendix, Reinhard,
347

Benedict, Ruth,
125

Benedict, Saint,
134

Berrio
(ship),
209

Bible: printing of,
352

Bīrūnī, al-,
297

Black Code,
230–31
,
232

Black Death: cause of,
148
,
158
; cited as a cause of the Reformation,
268
; devastation caused by,
148–50
; end of serfdom and,
153–55
; historical study of,
143–44
; impact on Europe’s demography,
152–53
; Malthusian theory of population and,
157
; proposed impact on technological innovation,
155–56
; reactions to,
150–52

Blanche of Castille,
167–68

blast furnaces,
194
,
328

Bloch, Marc,
124
,
306

Blücher
(locomotive),
330

Bluetooth, Harald,
115

Boccanegra, Guglielmo,
129

Boer Wars,
365

Bohemond of Taranto,
103–4
,
105–6
,
107–8

Bohemond VI of Antioch,
111

Bolivia,
242–43

Bolton, Jim,
155

Bonaparte, Napoleon,
226

Bonnassie, Pierre,
124

Boulton, Matthew,
328

bourgeoisie: Atlantic trade in the rise of,
344–45
; British nobility and,
346
; commerce and,
344–45
; defined,
314
; expansion of education and,
346–47
; high labor costs and,
341–43
; Industrial Revolution and,
339–47
,
340–47
; liberty and property rights,
340–41
; the Reformation and,
271–72
; rise of science in England and,
313–14

Boutell, Charles,
85

Boyle, Robert,
317

Bradwardine, Thomas,
174–75

Braudel, Fernand,
129–30

breech-loading rifles,
362

Brett brothers,
363–64

Brickman, William W.,
297

Bridbury, A. R.,
72
,
154
,
188
,
194

Bridges, John Henry,
173

Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, A
(las Casas),
228

British Empire: economics of,
358
; extent of,
357
; mistreatment of white subjects,
365
; transmission of modernity and,
365

Brøndsted, Johannes,
116

Brooke, John Hedley,
319

Browne, Laurence E.,
301

Brown, Peter,
69

bubonic plague,
148–50
.
See also
Black Death

Buckingham, Walter,
336

Buddhism,
160

Buridan, Jean,
175–76
,
177
,
303

Bury, J. B.,
40

Butzer, Karl,
235

Byzantine Empire: Anglo-Saxon mercenaries,
99
; the Crusades and,
102
,
103–5
; Muslim advances in Egypt,
87
; naval power in the Mediterranean,
194
; Norman conquest of southern Italy and Sicily,
100–101
; Ottoman capture of Constantinople,
284–86
; views of commerce,
344

cables, telegraph,
363–64

Cabot, John (Giovanni Caboto),
199
,
213–14

Cabral, Pedro Alvares,
199

Cádiz,
252–54

Caesar Augustus,
50

Caesar, Julius,
49
,
55

Cagafuego
(ship),
247

Caius College,
347

Cajuns,
226

Calicut,
209

Caligula,
54

calipers,
24

Callistus (pope),
123

Calvinists,
249

Calvin, John,
166

Cambridge University,
168

Caminos, Ricardo,
11

Campanus of Novara (Giovanni Compano),
173–74

Canada: French colonization,
225

Canary Islands,
206
,
207

Cannae, Battle of,
48
,
57

cannibalism,
212
,
222
,
233–34

cannonballs,
197
,
258

cannons: in the defense of Rhodes,
287
; in the Middle Ages,
196–98
; in the Ottoman capture of Constantinople,
284–85
; Spanish conquest of Mexico and,
221

Canon Masudicus
(al-Bīrūnī),
297

Cantor, Geoffrey,
319

Cantor, Norman,
95

Canute IV (Saint Canute),
115

Cape Juby,
208

Cape Verde Islands,
207

capitalism: capitalist city-states,
138–39
; Christianity and the rise of,
119
,
131–37
,
139
; conditions necessary for,
131
; defined,
130–31
; development in England,
184–91
; Flanders woolen industry,
182–84
; historians’ views on the origin of,
129–30
; myth of Puritan origins,
279
; virtue of work and,
134–35

caravel-built ships,
195–96

Cardini, Franco,
89

Caribbean: English colonies,
227
; pirates and privateers,
244–46

Caribs,
212
,
225
,
233
,
234

Carloman,
90

Carolingian Empire,
88
,
90–91
,
93

Carolingian Renaissance,
83

Carpine, Giovanni da Pian del,
201

carracks,
195
,
209
,
211

Carrasco, Davíd,
221–22

Carroll, James,
109

cartels,
182–83

Carthage,
32
,
48
,
57

Cartier, Jacques,
225

Carus-Wilson, Eleanora,
183
,
187