Human Cargo (57 page)

political reaction to,
117–19
,
132–33
,
135
,
150
,
151
,
153–54
,
172–73
,
184

post-traumatic stress and,
273

post-WW II in Europe,
34–36

as returnees, in Afghanistan,
292–94

repatriation,
43–44

resettlement of, in Finland,
331
,
332–47

resetdement of, in West,
360–63

self-mutilation,
151

suicide of,
13
,
137
,
138
,
139
,
142–43
,
156–86
,
249
,
364–65

top ten receiving countries,
52

torture and rape victims as,
8
,
23
,
43
,
258–59
,
266
,
268–78
,
280
,
281–84
,
356–57

under the age of 18,
46–47

whites-only policy, of Australia,
128–29

See also
children; torture victims; unaccompanied minors;
and specific receiving countries and nationalities

Refugee Therapy Center,
277–78

Reith, Peter,
135

relief

first UNHCR and,
39

protection issue vs.,
40–41

resetdement

asylum vs.,
331–32

Finland and,
331
,
332–47

Reyes, Silvestre,
97–98

Rhodesian refugees,
41

“right of return,”
223–25
,
223
n,
231

Rinnan, Arne,
130–31
,
135
n

Roland (Liberian refugee),
62–63
,
64–65
,
66
,
74
,
78

Romanian refugees,
32
,
34
,
169

Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
33

Roses and Thorns
(Khalil),
242

Rothmund, Heinrich,
354–55

Rousseau, Jean Jacques,
31

Ruddock, Phillip,
129–30
,
131
,
133
,
135
,
138
,
139
,
140
,
147
,
148

Rural Australians for Refugees,
150–51

Rusk, Dean,
37

Russell, Bertrand,
340

Russia

and Chechen refugees,
181

See also
Soviet Union

Russian refugees

Britain and,
180–83

Finland and,
331

revolution of 1917 and,
32–33

WW I and,
32

WW II and,
34

Rwanda

genocide in,
43
,
44
,
298

Rwandan refugees,
4
,
10–11
,
159
,
177–79

as torture victims,
271–72

Sabra (Palestinian refugee camp),
236–37

Saeed (Iranian refugee),
136–41

Said, Edward,
222
,
242
,
251
,
262–63

St. Petersburg,
181–83

Salaam (Chaldean refugee),
104–6

Salem (Iranian refugee),
121–25

Salima (Afghan widow),
322–25

Salimov (Chechen refugees),
181

Sallis, Eva,
149

Saloh, Hassan Omar,
171

Salvo, Francesco di,
65

San Biagio Platani

Liberians in,
76–77

San Diego, California

border with Tijuana,
91–93
,
96–101
,
132

Chaldean Iraqis in,
105–6

Santa Ana, Angel,
96

Sargon the Akkadian,
103

Satta, Alya,
134

Satta, Kawthar,
134

Satta, Ronkayya,
134

Saudi Arabia,
253

Save the Children Fund,
318

Sayigh, Rosemary,
239

Scarpone, Jason,
214

SCCPI (situation of chronic conflict and political instability),
308

Schnyder, Félix,
39
,
40

Schwartz, Theodore,
353

Sciortino, Nene,
57–61

Sciortino, Vera,
57–61

Seikaly, May,
247

Sekou (boy soldier from Sierra Leone),
203–6

Selassie, Haile,
10

self-mutilation,
151

Senegalese refugees,
66

Sennacherib of Mesopotamia,
103

September 11, 2001 (9/11),
49
,
101
,
107
,
351

sexual exploitation,
211–12

Sharon, Ariel,
19

Shatila (Palestinian refugee camp),
222–28
,
232–34
,
236
,
244
,
252

conditions in,
225–26

population of,
225

shelling and attacks on,
236

Shayan (Iranian refugee),
136–41
,
148
,
154

Sherif, Musa,
3–10
,
20
,
23
,
215

Sherif, Zainab (wife of Musa),
8
,
9

Shikaki, Khalil,
230
,
255

Shinfig (Sudanese refugee),
328–32

Shomali plain,
301–3
,
312

Shubnam (Iranian refugee),
137
,
139

Siaka (Liberian refugee),
363–64

Sicilia, La
(Italian newspaper),
61

Sicily,
57
,
72

Liberian boat people in,
57–61
,
62–72
,
76–82

Sierra Leone,
200
,
370

as receiving country,
52

refugees from,
4
,
10
,
43
,
168
,
188–89
,
191
,
206–9

SIEV-X
(boat),
134

Silove, Derrick,
144

Siren-Borrego, Ann-Charlotte,
334

Sisalem, Aladdin,
153

Slovakia,
199

Smith, Adam,
83

Smith, Elaine,
150–51

Society for International

Development,
352

Somali refugees,
10
,
43
,
168
,
176
,
333–34
,
336
,
338
,
356

Somalia,
41
,
298

Sophie (Liberian nurse),
216

South African refugees,
164

South American refugees,
74

Southern Illinois Trauma Center,
209

sovereignty issue,
38
,
44

Soviet Union

Afghanistan and,
294
,
303–4

IRO and,
35–36

post-WW II refugees and,
35–36

See also
Russia

Sow, Dr. Thierno Maadjou,
188

Spain,
64
,
262

Spanish Civil War,
115
,
270

Spanish refugees,
116

Sri Lankan refugees,
41
,
102
,
172
,
184

as torture victims,
272

Stalin, Joseph,
35–36

State of the World’s Refugees
,
350

Statute of Rome,
152

Steel, Dr. Zachary,
144–48

Stern Gang,
230

Stoltenberg, Thorvald,
43

Straw, Jack,
175–76

Sudan,
285

civil war,
4

lost boys,
4

Palestinian refugees in,
255

remittances and,
350
n

Sudanese refugees,
4
,
10
,
14–15
,
168–69
,
328–32
,
356

resettled in Finland,
331
,
336–47

Sudan People’s Liberation Army,
329

suicide,
364–65

in Britain,
156–86

in Cairo,
13

detainees and,
137
,
138
,
139
,
142–43

in Finland,
343

Holocaust survivors and,
264
,
265

See also
mental health

Sultan, Dr. Aamer,
144
,
146

Summerfield, Dr. Derek,
273

Sun
(British newspaper),
174
,
175

Sunday Times
(British newspaper),
175

Sundous (Afghan boat person),
134

Surinam,
102

“suspect aliens,” in U.S.,
108

Sweden,
74
,
175
,
240
,
333

Swiss People’s party,
174

Switzerland,
174

anti-Semitism and,
354–55

Sydney
Daily Telegraph
,
139

Syria

Lebanon and,
236

Palestinian refugee camps in,
223
,
251
,
255

Syrian refugees, in Lebanon,
225

Taliban,
127
,
291
,
293
,
294
,
295
,
301
,
302
,
304
,
305
,
306–7
,
313–20
,
323
,
358

Bamiyan valley Buddhas, destruction of,
313
,
315

Tamburlaine,
302

Tampa (tanker)
,
130–32
,
135
n,
150

Tampering with Asylum
(Brennan),
152

Tanzania

as receiving country,
52
,
176

Taraki, Nur Mohamed,
294

Taylor, Charles,
8
,
13
,
14
,
19
,
20
,
189
,
190
,
198–200
,
358
,
361
,
363

Tesfay (Eritrean refugee),
284–88

Thai refugees,
102

Tiberius, emperor of Byzantium,
67

Tijuana, Mexico,
91–93

migrant workers, refuges for,
83–90

Times
of London,
248
,
252
,
276

Tocqueville, Alexis de,
73

torture victims,
18–20
,
258–59
,
268–78
,
280
,
281–84
,
287–88
,
356–57

Afghanistan and,
294–95

Algeria and,
278–81

“climate of disbelief” and,
270

Liberia and,
364

Sudan and,
329

Turkey and,
269
,
272

Touré, Sékou,
187–88

trauma

leading to exile,
278–81

See also
post-traumatic stress disorder; rape; torture victims

Treaty of Vienna (1815),
32

Tunisia,
68

Tunisian refugees,
66–67
,
74

Turkey,
66

massacres of Armenians,
32

people smuggling and,
69

refugees from,
168

torture victims and,
269
,
272

Turkish Kurds,
102

Britain and,
170–72

Tutsi,
271–72

Tyrant’s Novel, The
(Kenneally),
154

Uganda,
356

Ugandan refugees,
281–82

Ukraine,
199

Ukrainian refugees,
34

unaccompanied minors,
46

detention of, in U.S.,
110–11

Vietnamese boat people and,
50–51

unemployment,
46

UNICEF,
318

United Kingdom (UK).
See
Great Britain

United Nations

Afghan returnees and,
292–94
,
296–97
,
303–27
,
352

Australian detention and,
148

refugees and, post-WW II,
350

West African conflicts and,
198

UN Convention Against Torture,
268

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989),
110

UN General Assembly

Resolution 194 (“right of return”),
223–25
,
223
n,
231

Palestine, partition of,
229–31

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNIICR),
5
n,
36–39
,
39–45

Afghan returnees and,
292–94
,
303–27
,
352

asylum seekers in Cairo and,
9
,
10–12
,
15
,
18
,
23
,
25
,
27

attitudes toward refugees and,
174–75

budget and funding of,
45–46
,
52
,
321

definition of refugees and,
37–38
,
40

detention of asylum seekers and,
109
,
132–33
,
148

“economic migrants” and,
41

founding and history of,
38–45

in Guinea,
188–89
,
192–93
,
200
,
201
,
202–3
,
205
,
207
,
209–15
,
216