In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan (59 page)

14.
Robert Borders, “Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan: A Model for Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development,”
Journal of Development and Social Transformation,
vol. 1, November 2004, pp. 5–12; Michael J. McNerney, “Stabilization and Reconstruction in Afghanistan: Are PRTs a Model or a Muddle?”
Parameters,
vol. 35, no. 4, Winter 2005–06, pp. 32–46.

15.
Author interview with Commander Larry Legree, June 10, 2008.

16.
McNerney, “Stabilization and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,” p. 40.

17.
Trent Scott and John Agoglia, “Getting the Basics Right: A Discussion on Tactical Actions for Strategic Impact in Afghanistan,”
Small Wars Journal,
November 2008; author interview with John Agoglia, November 13, 2008.

18.
Author interview with Michelle Parker, August 15, 2007.

19.
Author interviews with NATO officials involved in the meetings, Kabul, Afghanistan, May 2008.

20.
Author interview with senior NATO intelligence official, November 13, 2008.

21.
J. Alexander Thier and Azita
Ranjbar, Killing Friends, Making Enemies: The Impact and Avoidance of Civilian Casualties in Afghanistan
(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, July 2008); Human Rights Watch, “
Troops in Contact”: Airstrikes and Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan
(New York: Human Rights Watch, September 2008).

22.
Trista Talton and Robert Burns, “Probe: Spec Ops Marines Used Excessive Force,”
Marine Corps Times
, April 13, 2007. Also see Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, Investigation: Use of
Indiscriminate and Excessive Force against Civilians by U.S. Forces Following a VBIED Attack in Nangarhar Province on 4 March 2007
(Kabul: Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, 2007).

23.
Josh White, “69 Afghans’ Families Get a U.S. Apology,”
Washington Post,
May 9, 2007, p. A12.

24.
Memorandum from Brigadier General Michael W. Callan to Acting Commander, United States Central Command, Subject: Executive Summary of AR 15-6 Investigation into new information relative to civilian casualties from engagement by U.S. and Afghan Forces on 21–22 AUG 2008 in Azizabad, Shindand District, Herat Province, Afghanistan, October 1, 2008.

25.
Statement by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Afghanistan, Kai Eide, on Civilian Casualties Caused by Military Operations in Shindand District of Herat Province, August 26, 2008.

26.
Jon Boone, “Kabul Accuses Allies of Civilian Deaths,”
Financial Times,
August 22, 2008.

27.
Office of the President,
President Karzai Condemns Shindand Incident
(Kabul: Office of the President, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, August 23, 2008).

28.
Author interview with senior U.S. State Department official, October 2, 2008.

29.
Memorandum from Brigadier General Michael W. Callan to Acting Commander, United States Central Command, Subject: Executive Summary of AR 15–6 Investigation into new information relative to civilian casualties from engagement by U.S. and Afghan Forces on 21–22 AUG 2008 in Azizabad, Shindand District, Herat Province, Afghanistan, October 1, 2008.

30.
Memorandum from the Rendon Group to J5 CENTCOM Strategic Effects, Polling Results—Afghanistan Omnibus May 2007, June 15, 2007.

31.
Charney Associates,
Afghanistan: Public Opinion Trends and Strategic Implications
(New York: Charney Associates, 2008), slide 20.

32.
Author interview with senior NATO intelligence official, November 13, 2008.

33.
United Nations Department of Safety and Security, Security Incidents in Afghanistan, July 2008

34.
NATO ISAF,
Afghan National Security Forces Update
(Kabul: NATO ISAF, July 24, 2008), slide 5. Between January 2007 and July 2008, there were 333 Coalition soldiers killed (20 percent), 1,015 Afghan police killed (59 percent), and 369 Afghan soldiers killed (21 percent).

35.
Memorandum from Investigating Officer to Commander, Combined Joint Task Force—101, Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, Subject AR 15–6 Investigation Findings and Recommendations—Vehicle Patrol Base (VPB) Wanat
Complex Attack and Casualties, 13 July 2008, 13 August 2008.

36.
The NATO after-action report was leaked to Canada’s
Globe and Mail
newspaper. See Graeme Smith, “Taliban Making the Grade in Guerrilla War,”
The Globe and Mail,
August 20, 2008.

37.
Author interviews with U.S. intelligence officers, Bagram, Afghanistan, March 8, 2008.

38.
U.S. Department of State, “Pakistan: Refocusing Security Assistance,” January 2008.

39.
State Bank of Pakistan,
Monetary Police Statement, July—December 2008
(Islamabad: State Bank of Pakistan, 2008).

40.
Author interview with senior State Department official, September 30, 2008.

41.
Dexter Filkins, “The Long Road to Chaos in Pakistan,”
New York Times,
September 27, 2008.

42.
Dexter Filkins, “Right at the Edge,”
New York Times Magazine,
September 5, 2008.

43.
Author interview with senior NATO official, September 29, 2008.

44.
Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, “Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials Say,”
New York Times,
August 1, 2008, p. A1.

45.
Author interview with senior White House official, September 25, 2008.

46.
Iftikhar A. Khan, “Kayani Warns US to Keep its Troops Out,”
Dawn
(Pakistan), September 11, 2008.

47.
Combined Joint Task Force-101,
CJTF-101 Assessment
(Bagram: CJTF-101, 2008), slide 7.

Chapter Eighteen

1.
Zeh
r-Ed-D
n Muhammed B
bur,
Memoirs of Zeh
r-Ed-D
n Muhammed B
bur: Emperor of Hindustan,
vol. 2, translated by John Leyden and William Erskine (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), p. 19.

2.
Author interview with Lieutenant Colonel Simon Heatherington, Commander, Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team, Kandahar, January 16, 2007.

3.
Douglas J. Feith,
War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 101, 149.

4.
Francesc Vendrell,
EUSR Vendrell’s Valedictory Report
(Kabul: European Union, 2008).

5.
Olivier Roy.
Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan,
2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 10.

6.
U.S. Embassy Kabul to Department of State, Cable 4745, August 2, 1971, “Audience with King Zahir.” Released by the National Security Archive.

7.
Thomas Schweich, “Is Afghanistan a Narco-State?”
New York Times Magazine,
July 27, 2008.

8.
See, for example, United States Department of the Army,
Counterinsurgency,
FM 3–24 (Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2006), pp. 1–13.