In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan (56 page)

3.
Author interview with NATO military official, Kandahar, Afghanistan, September 16, 2007.

4.
Douglas J. Feith,
War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 154.

5.
Author interview with Daoud Yaqub, January 2, 2008.

6.
UNDP,
Rebuilding the Justice Sector of Afghanistan
(Kabul: United Nations Development Program, January 2003), p. IA.

7.
The Bonn Agreement (2001), article II, paragraph 2.

8.
Author interviews with Carlos Batori, counselor and deputy head of mission, Italian Government, Kabul, June 22, 2004, and Colonel Gary Medvigy, Office of Military Cooperation—Afghanistan, June 24, 2004.

9.
J. Alexander Thier,
Reestablishing the Judicial System in Afghanistan
(Stanford, CA: Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, Stanford University, September 2004), p. 13.

10.
Feith,
War and Decision,
pp. 153–55.

11.
World Bank,
Governance Matters 2007: Worldwide Governance Indicators, 1996–2006
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007).

12.
Transparency International,
Corruption Perceptions Index 2007
(Berlin, Germany: Transparency International, 2007).

13.
World Bank,
Governance Matters 2007.

14.
Author interview with Daoud Yaqub, January 2, 2008.

15.
Author interview with Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry, October 27, 2007.

16.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003, S/RES/1510. Resolution 1510 specifically authorized “expansion of the mandate of the International Security Assistance Force to allow it, as resources permit, to support the Afghan Transitional Authority and its successors in the maintenance of security in areas of Afghanistan outside of Kabul and its environs, so that the Afghan Authorities as well as the personnel of the United Nations and other international civilian personnel engaged, in particular, in reconstruction and humanitarian efforts, can operate in a secure environment, and to provide security assistance for the performance of other tasks in support of the Bonn Agreement.”

17.
Hans-Jürgen Leersch, “Deutsche Soldaten werden im Norden Afghanistans patrouillieren,”
Die Welt,
October 16, 2003; Halima Kazem, “Germany Pushes to Extend Security Beyond Kabul,”
Christian Science Monitor,
October 7, 2003, p. 7.

18.
Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, September 4, 2007; North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
NATO in Afghanistan: How Did This Operation Evolve?
(Brussels: NATO, 2008).

19.
Map courtesy of NATO.

20.
Author interview with Lieutenant General David Barno, September 4, 2007.

21.
Anne Barnard and Neil Swidey, “U.S. Commander’s Background Considered a Strength in War with Iraq,”
Boston Globe,
March 27, 2003, p. A28.

22.
Lieutenant General Ricardo S. Sanchez with Donald T. Phillips,
Wiser in Battle: A Soldier’s Story
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 50.

23.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1623, September 13, 2005, S/RES/1623.

24.
Eric Schmitt and David S. Cloud, “U.S. May Start Pulling Out of Afghanistan Next Spring,”
New York Times,
September 14, 2005, p. 3; Bradley Graham, “U.S. Considering Troop Reduction in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post,
September 14, 2005, p. A26.

25.
See, for example, Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Cut Force in Afghanistan,”
New York Times,
December 20, 2005, p. A19.

26.
See, for example, Christopher Layne, “America as European Hegemon,”
National Interest,
no. 72, Summer 2003, pp. 17–29.

27.
Elizabeth Pond,
Friendly Fire: The Near-Death of the Transatlantic Alliance
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), pp. 56–62; Laurent Cohen-Tanugi,
An Alliance at Risk: The United States and Europe Since September 11
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), p. 82.

28.
Claire Trean, “La guerre contre l’Irak se fera sans le feu vert des Nations unies,”
Le Monde,
March 12, 2003; Luc de Barochez, “Alors que la date du prochain vote du Conseil de securité n’est pas encore fixée,”
Le Figaro,
March 11, 2003; “Paris rejetera une deuxième resolution au conseil de securité,”
La Tribune,
March 11, 2003, p. 4.

29.
See, for example, the speech by Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier to the German Bundestag, Berlin, December 14, 2005: “Speech by Foreign Minister Steinmeier in the German Bundestag” (Berlin: Federal Foreign Office, December 2005). Also see Chancellor Angela Merkel’s objections to the U.S. prison at Guantánamo Bay in Jens Tartler and Olaf Gersemann, “Merkel fordert Ende von Guantánamo,”
Financial Times Deutschland,
January 9, 2006.

30.
Henry A. Kissinger, “Role Reversal and Alliance Realities,”
Washington Post,
February 10, 2003, p. A21.

31.
Patrick E. Tyler, “Threats and Responses: Old Friends,”
New York Times,
February 12, 2003, p. A1.

32.
Ivo H. Daalder, “The End of Atlanticism,”
Survival,
vol. 45, no. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 147–48. Also see Samuel F. Wells, “The Transatlantic Illness,”
Wilson Quarterly,
vol. XXVII, no. 1, Winter 2003, pp. 40–46; James B. Steinberg, “An Elective Partnership: Salvaging Transatlantic Relations,”
Survival
, vol. 45, no. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 113–46; Philip H. Gordon and Jeremy Shapiro,
Allies at War: America, Europe, and the Crisis Over Iraq
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 2.

33.
Eric Schmitt, “NATO Troops Will Relieve Americans in Fighting the Taliban,”
New York Times,
December 31, 2005, p. A3.

34.
Jason Beattie, “5,000 British Troops to Root Out the Taliban,”
The Evening Standard
(London), September 13, 2005, p. 8.

35.
Doug Saunders, “NATO Chief Defends Afghan Mission,”
The Globe and Mail,
March 7, 2006, p. A12.

36.
Author interview with Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry, October 27, 2007.

37.
UK House of Commons Select Committee on Defence,
Thirteenth Report
(London: HMSC, 2007), para. 46.

38.
Author interview with NATO official, NATO ISAF Headquarters, Kabul, Afghanistan, September 15, 2007.

39.
Judy Dempsey and David S. Cloud, “Europeans Balking at New Afghan Role,”
International Herald Tribune,
September 14, 2005, p. 1.

40.
UK House of Commons Select Committee on Defence,
Thirteenth Report,
para. 43.

41.
German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo (Italy),
Transatlantic Trends: Key Findings 2007
(Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo, 2007), p. 33.

42.
Author interview with General Markus Kneip, September 6, 2006.

43.
John D. Banusiewicz, “National Caveats’ Among Key Topics at NATO Meeting,”
American Forces Press Service,
February 9, 2005.

44.
Author interview with Ambassador David Sproule, January 10, 2007.

45.
Author interviews with senior German military officials in Mazar-e-Sharif and Kunduz, September 6–7, 2006; September 2007.

46.
Memorandum from General Barry R. McCaffrey (ret.) to Colonel Mike Meese and Colonel Cindy Jebb, United States Military Academy, “Trip to Afghanistan and Pakistan,” June 2006, p. 4.

47.
Quoted in Hy S. Rothstein,
Afghanistan and the Troubled Future of Unconventional Warfare
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006), p. 111.

48.
Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, Statement to the House Armed Services Committee, December 11, 2007.

49.
Peter Spiegel, “Gates Says NATO Force Unable to Fight Guerrillas,”
Los Angeles Times,
January 16, 2008, p. A1.

50.
David Galula,
Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice
(St. Petersburg, FL: Hailer Publishing, 2005), p. 77.

51.
The clear, hold, and expand section draws extensively from Joseph D. Celeski,
Operationalizing COIN, JSOU Report 05–2
(Hurlburt Field, FL: Joint Special Operations University, 2005).

52.
Celeski,
Operationalizing COIN.

53.
Colonel Bruce Burda,
Operation Enduring Freedom Lessons Learned
(Hurlburt Field, FL: Air Force Special Operations Command, 2003).

54.
Author interview with Western ambassador, Kabul, Afghanistan, September 13, 2007.

55.
Author interviews with Canadian soldiers, Kandahar, Afghanistan, September 16–19, 2007. See also, for example, United Nations Assistance Mission
in Afghanistan,
A Review of the Taliban and Fellow Travelers as a Movement: Concept Paper Updating PAG Joint Assessment of June 2006
(Kabul: United Nations, August 2007).

56.
Author interview with senior NATO military official, Kandahar, Afghanistan, September 16, 2007.

57.
Letter from Paddy Ashdown to Gordon Brown and David Miliband, December 2007.

58.
Author interview with Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry, October 27, 2007.

Chapter Fifteen

1.
Rudyard Kipling,
Verses, 1889–1896,
vol. 11 (New York: Charles Scribner, 1899), p. 79.

2.
“Enemy Assault on North OP in VIC BCP 213 Shkin,” U.S. After Action Report, September 22, 2005. I interviewed one of the U.S. officials present at Shkin that night (he wished to remain anonymous) on February 7 and February 11, 2007. I also interviewed nearly a dozen U.S. soldiers with similar reports along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

3.
Author interview with senior officer, 82nd Airborne Division, March 7, 2008.

4.
Quoted in Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin,
Afghanistan—The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower
(Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2001), p. 20.

5.
PBS
Frontline,
“The Return of the Taliban,” Written, Produced, and Reported by Martin Smith, Airdate: October 3, 2006.

6.
On U.S. aid to Pakistan, see C. Christine Fair and Peter Chalk,
Fortifying Pakistan: The Role of U.S. Internal Security Assistance
(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006); Craig Cohen and Derek Chollet, “When $10 Billion Is Not Enough: Rethinking U.S. Strategy toward Pakistan,”
Washington Quarterly,
vol. 30, no. 2, Spring 2007, pp. 7–19.

7.
David E. Sanger and David Rohde, “U.S. Pays Pakistan to Fight Terror, but Patrols Ebb,”
New York Times,
May 20, 2007, p. 1. There were a number of additional
New York Times
investigative pieces on the Coalition support funds. See, for example, David Rohde, Carlotta Gall, Eric Schmitt, and David E. Sanger, “U.S. Officials See Waste in Pakistan Aid,”
New York Times,
December 24, 2007, p. A1.

8.
Author interview with Dov Zakheim, January 30, 2008.

9.
On the capture of these al Qa’ida figures, see Pervez Musharraf,
In the Line of Fire: A Memoir
(New York: Free Press, 2006), pp. 222–63.

10.
See, for example, Intikhab Amir, “Waziristan: No Man’s Land?”
The Herald
(Pakistan), vol. 37, no. 4, April 2006, pp. 74–79; Amir, “Whose Writ Is It Anyway?”
The Herald
(Pakistan), vol. 37, no. 4, April 2006, pp. 80–82;
Iqbal Khattak, “40 Militants Killed in North Waziristan,”
Daily Times
(Pakistan), September 30, 2005.

11.
On Operation Anaconda, see, for example, U.S. Air Force, Office of Lessons Learned (AF/XOL),
Operation Anaconda: An Air Power Perspective
(Washington, DC: Headquarters United States Air Force AF/XOL, February 2005); Paul L. Hastert, “Operation Anaconda: Perception Meets Reality in the Hills of Afghanistan,”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism,
vol. 28, no. 1, January—February 2005, pp. 11—20; Sean Naylor,
Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda
(New York: Berkley Books, 2005).