Iran's Deadly Ambition (36 page)
Read Iran's Deadly Ambition Online
Authors: Ilan Berman
Citigroup,
152
Clinton, Hillary,
17
Clinton, William J. “Bill”/Clinton administration,
68
,
163
Coalition Provisional Authority,
50
COFIEC Bank affair,
119–20
Cohen, Roger,
86
Colombia,
115
Combating Terrorism Center (U.S. Military Academy),
60
Compañía Anónima Venezolana de Industrias Miltares (CAVIM),
113
Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (USA),
3
,
96
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE; Helsinki, Finland),
70
Conflict Armament Research,
144
Congo, Democratic People’s Republic of,
140
,
142
Council on Foreign Relations,
17
,
48
Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act (USA),
128–29
Country Reports on Terrorism
(U.S. State Dept.),
52–53
cut-outs,
16
cyber attacks,
128
,
148–51
,
153–55
Cyber Defense Command,
151
cyberspace, Iranian presence in: assassinations related to,
147–48
; cyber capability improvements,
151–55
; domestic repression through,
155–60
; foreign cyber attacks on nuclear program,
148–51
Cyberspace Council,
151
Cylance (cyber security firm),
153–54
Czech Republic,
75
Dar es Salaam (Tanzania),
140
Darfur region (Sudan), genocide in,
133
,
144
dawah
(proselytization activities),
116
,
122
Dempsey, Martin,
93
Denmark, Hezbollah terrorist attacks in,
73
detention, arbitrary,
71
diamond trade,
142–43
Diouf, Abdou,
143
Diplomat, The
,
4
Donetsk (Ukraine),
86
Doran, Michael,
48
Duncan, Jeff,
128–29
Duqu (malware),
150–51
Eastern Europe: Iranian-financed terrorism in,
72–73
,
74
; IRGC missile power and,
18
Ecuadorian Ministry of Defense,
119
Egypt: Arab Spring protests in,
27–28
,
38
; Iran vs.,
29
; Islamist government in,
29–31
; relations with Israel normalized,
29
; relations with Russia,
31
; relations with U.S.,
31
Einstein, Albert,
161
e-mail,
157
energy routes,
106–7
energy trade,
3–4
,
76–77
,
89
,
90
,
136
England,
153
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip,
94
Eritrea,
137
Estonia,
75
Ethiopia,
137
Eurasia, Iranian involvement in: in Caucasus region,
87–90
; in Central Asia (the “Stans”),
90–92
; cultural ties,
90–91
; economic arrangements,
87–88
,
89–90
; Iranian nuclear program and,
81–82
,
84
,
86
; in Russia,
82–86
; in SCO,
79–82
Eurasian Union,
85
Euromaidan,
85
European Commission,
64
European Union: energy dependency of,
75–76
; engagement policy with Iran,
64–67
,
71–72
; foreign relations conduct code of,
69–71
; Hezbollah military wing blacklisted by,
74
; Hezbollah presence in,
72–75
; as Iranian trade partner,
64
,
65–67
; IRGC added to terror list of,
63–64
; judicial system of,
65
; relations with Russia,
86
; Rouhani as negotiator with,
8
; sanctions imposed by,
2
,
64
,
65
,
67
,
82
,
90
,
96
,
113
,
119–20
,
134
; war on terror,
67
Europe-Iran Forum (London),
66
executions, public,
42–43
,
71–72
Facebook,
158
Fahmy, Nabil,
31
Farhat, Daoud,
103–4
Farsi language,
91
Filkins, Dexter,
60
finance, illicit,
90
Financial Times
,
106
Flame (malware),
151
Folha de São Paulo
(newspaper),
121
Ford, Gerald,
70
Foundation for Defense of Democracies,
3
,
101
France: arms sales of,
144
; cyber attacks in,
153
; as E.U.3 member,
64
,
163
; Hezbollah terrorist attacks in,
73
; Khomeini exile in,
8
,
12–13
; as P5+1 member,
1
,
163
Free Egyptian Army,
32
Friedman, Thomas,
6
Gabon,
135
Gates, Robert,
33–34
Georgia, Republic of,
72
,
87–88
,
89
German-Iranian Chamber of Industry and Commerce,
67
Germany: cyber attacks in,
153
; as E.U.3 member,
64
,
163
; Hezbollah presence in,
74
; Iranian-financed terrorism in,
163
; as Iranian trade partner,
67
; as P5+1 member,
1
,
163
Ghana,
135
Ghani Ahmadzai, Ashraf,
54
global caliphate,
13
Gordon, Philip,
161
Gran Colombia,
111
Great Firewall (Chinese Internet filtering system),
156
Greece,
75
Green Movement,
7
,
28
,
43
,
44
,
151
,
156
,
160
Group of Eight (G8),
68
Guardian Council,
7
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC),
34
Guyana,
127–28
Hadi, Abd Rabbuh Mansur,
37
Hagel, Chuck,
46
al-Halbavi, Kamal,
29–30
Hamas: Gaza War,
54
,
55
; as Iranian proxy force,
132
; Iranian support of,
29
,
55–56
,
58
,
63–64
,
132
; in Palestinian elections,
54–55
,
57
Al Hayat
(Yemeni newspaper),
37
Helsinki Final Act,
69–71
Hezbollah: African presence of,
141–44
; Asian presence of,
103–4
; as “axis of resistance” partner,
38–39
; European presence of,
72–75
; Iran-Hamas relations and,
56
; as Iranian proxy force,
14
,
24
,
38
,
49–50
,
57
,
63–64
,
72–73
,
101
,
110
,
113
,
122
; IRGC and,
14
,
63–64
; Israel-Hezbollah War,
50
,
101
; Latin American presence of,
110
,
113–14
,
122–23
; North Korean support of,
101
; in Syrian Civil War,
41
; terrorist acts committed by,
72–73
,
74
,
116
,
122–23
; “wings” of,
74
Hirst, Joel,
109
Holder, Eric,
128
Holocaust denial,
137
Honecker, Erich,
70
Hormuz, Strait of,
19
al-Houthi, Hussein,
36
Houthi rebellion (Yemen),
35–37
,
50
Humala, Ollanta,
116
humanitarian aid,
39
human rights,
70
human rights abuses,
42–44
,
71–72
,
121
Human Rights Council,
43
Human Rights Watch,
43
Humire, Joseph,
129–30
Hussein, Saddam,
13
,
20–21
,
50
,
163
Ibraimov, Sadykzhan,
92
Imam Khomeini Relief Committee,
53
improvised explosive devices (IEDs),
60
India: cyber attacks in,
148
,
153
; Iranian energy trade and,
96
; Iranian-financed terrorism in,
72
,
104
; IRGC missile power and,
18
; Pakistan-Iran pipeline extension to,
106
; as SCO observer nation,
80
inflation,
2
Institute for Science and International Security,
105
,
149
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
68
,
135–36
,
149
International Criminal Court (ICC),
133
International Human Rights Documentation Center,
43
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
4
,
122
Internet: content filtering,
157–58
; cost of access,
159
; “halal,” or second,
156–57
; regulation/oversight of,
159
; restricted access to,
44
; speed slowdowns,
159
; surveillance of,
152
,
158–59
; weblogs,
159–60
Internet service providers (ISPs),
159
Intifada, Second (Palestinian),
57
intranet,
156–57
Iran, Islamic Republic of: Afghan refugees in,
39–40
; arms sales to,
96–97
,
99
,
103
; Asia/Pacific foreign policy tilt of,
94
; as “axis of evil” member,
163
; blogosphere in,
159–60
; demographics of,
6
,
9
; détente possibilities with,
161–66
; domestic repression in,
6
,
7
,
28
,
42–44
,
63
,
71–72
,
155–60
; economic sanctions imposed on,
2
; energy infrastructure of,
76
; energy reserves in,
95
; energy trade with,
3–4
,
76–77
,
89
,
90
,
95–96
,
136
; ethnic minorities in,
88
; E.U. “critical dialogue” policy with,
64
,
162–63
; E.U. energy dependency and,
76–77
; E.U. engagement policy with,
64–67
; founding of,
20
; future challenges presented by,
169
; GDP of,
4
; human rights abuses in,
71–72
,
121
;
lebensraum
policy of,
60–61
; military modernization in,
84–85
; navy of,
19
,
97–98
,
137–38
; nuclear program of (
see
Iranian nuclear program
); Obama Cuban policy as viewed in,
168–69
; Obama “engagement” policy with,
1–2
,
11–12
,
63
,
96
,
161–62
,
166–67
; pro-democracy drive in, unsupported by West,
6–7
; relations with China,
95–98
; relations with Russia,
76–77
,
82–86
; relations with Venezuela,
110–14
; as revisionist power,
12
,
167
; Syria as regional partner of,
38–39
; Western
economic sanctions against,
2
,
64
,
65
,
67
,
82
,
90
,
96
,
112–13
,
119–20
,
134
,
163