Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France (63 page)

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Abbaye (prison), Saint-Germain: massacres, 142–3; Manon Roland in, 209–13

Abrantes, Laure Junot, duchesse d’, 12, 271

actors and actresses: prejudice against, 57–8

Acts of the Apostles
(newspaper), 123

Adams, Abigail, 97

Adams, John, 97

Adélaïde, Mme (Louis XV’s daughter), 14–15, 79

Alexandre (secretary), 272, 278 Amar, André, 237–8

America
see
United States of America American War of Independence, 20, 97

Ami des Citoyens, L’
(newspaper), 150, 163, 319

Ami du Peuple, L’
(newspaper), 98, 102, 173

Ami du Peuple par Leclercl, L’
(newspaper), 201

Ami du Roi, L’
(newspaper), 43

Amis des Lois
, 354

ancien régime: and power of women, 56, 218; manners and style changed by revolution, 152

‘Anglomaniacs’, 22, 77

anticlericalism, 30, 78, 229, 258, 290

aristocrats: leave France, 78–9

Artois, Charles, comte d’, 4, 6

Audu, ‘Queen’, 119, 132, 203

Aulard, Alphonse, 60, 217

Austria: Théroigne interrogated in, 52, 112–15; French consider war against, 117–18, 123; France declares war on (April 1792), 123–4; army advances into France, 228

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 35

Ballanche, Pierre-Simon, 386

balls: public, 317–18, 366

Bancal, Henri, 100–1

Barbaroux, Charles, 211, 252

Barére, Bertrand, 77, 127, 161, 183, 195, 210, 228, 230–1, 320

Barnave, Antoine, 55, 100

Barras, Paul, vicomte de: criticizes Manon Roland, 158; on Marat’s dislike of violence, 193; on Robespierre’s repressions, 296–7; and plot against Robespierre, 298; suspected by Jacobins, 308; at La Chaumière, 313; silver harness, 316; on Thérésia Cabarrus, 319, 346; on Tallien, 324; as Director of Council of Elders, 325; qualities and character, 325; excuses behaviour under Terror, 334; given emergency command of army, 335; ascendancy, 336–7; disparages Joséphine, 338; takes Thérésia Cabarrus as mistress, 338–9; witnesses Napoléon-Joséphine wedding, 338; Joséphine’s fondness for, 340; dress, 342; pride in title, 343; appoints Talleyrand Minister for Foreign Affairs, 344; on women’s role, 344–5; military action in Paris, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; and Thérésia’s affair with Ouvrard, 354; card-playing, 367; alliance with Talleyrand and Siéyes, 368; ousted in Brumaire coup, 369; portrayed in
Zoloé
, 374

Basire, Claude, 202, 238

Bastille: stormed (1789), 5–6, 32; fall celebrated, 72–5

Baudelaire, Charles, 47

Beauharnais, Eugéne de, 294

Beauharnais, Hortense de, 294, 351, 364

Bedford, Lord (?Lord John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford), 202–3, 225

Béranger, Pierre Jean de, 257

Bercy, marquis de, 81

Bernadotte, General Jean (
later
King of Sweden), 380

Bernard, Jean, 182–3

Bernard, Marie, 182–4

Berry, Mary, 17, 70, 78, 106

Berthaut, Louis, 364

Berthier, General Louis Alexandre, 376

Bertrand (coiffeur), 315

Bessborough, Henrietta Frances, Countess of (
née
Spencer), 339, 341, 365, 377

Beugnot, Jacques-Claude, 212–13, 249, 250, 292

Bidos, William, 264

Billaud-Varenne, Jacques-Nicolas, 320

Blanc, François de, 114–16

Boigne, Adéle, comtesse de, 9, 359–60

Bonaparte, Jérôme (Napoléon’s brother), 339

Bonaparte, Joseph (Napoléon’s brother), 376, 390

Bonaparte, Lucien (Napoléon’s brother), 361–2, 368–9, 376

Bonstetten, Charles-Victor de, 382 Bordeaux: Thérésia Cabarrus in, 263–4, 270, 273, 278–9, 285, 375–6; Convention
représentants
(Tallien and Ysabeau) in, 264–5, 268–70, 273–5; famine in, 273–4; executions in, 275; Jullien in, 282, 285; Hospice de Sainte-Croix, 285

Bordereau, Renée, 227

Bosc d’Antic, Augustin, 54, 85–7, 170, 215, 219, 246, 255

Bouchard, Mme (prison keeper’s wife), 221

Bourienne, Louis-Antoine, 368

bread riots
see
food shortages

Brissot, Jacques-Pierre: and Manon Roland, xxi, 87–8, 98, 101, 108; Théroigne and, 52; publishes
Patriote Français
, 58; membership of clubs, 62; admires USA, 97; as deputy to Assembly, 107; differences with Robespierre, 117, 123, 126; favours war with Austria, 117, 123; belief in equality, 137; Robespierre accuses of conspiring with Brunswick, 148; elected to National Convention, 149; warrant for arrest, 159; on Danton’s attitude to September massacres, 160; Pauline Léon vows enmity to, 191; arrested, 211; Manon Roland writes for, 219; awaits execution, 247;
Travels in the United States
, 87

Brissotin group
see
Girondins

Britain (England): French admiration for, 22; influence on Mme de Staël’s circle, 22, 77; French émigrés in, 153; war with France (1793), 171; captures Toulon, 228; French recapture Toulon from, 270; visitors in France, 377

Brookner, Anita, 365

Bruce, Evangeline, 77

Bruix, Admiral Eustache, 369

Brumaire coup (1799), 368–9

Brune, General Guillaume, 270

Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of, 131, 147

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 12, 16, 68

Burke, Edmund, 40

Burney, Fanny (Mme d’Arblay): on Narbonne and Mme de Staël, 14–15; on French émigrés at Juniper Hall, Surrey, 153

Buzot, François: as deputy in Estates-General, 23; in National Assembly, 88; Rolands meet, 88, 104; Manon Roland corresponds with, 103; Manon Roland respects, 104, 160–1; elected to National Convention, 149; Tallien attacks, 151; commitment to Girondins, 162; proposes inviting Roland to stay in office, 163; defends Roland, 170; Manon Roland’s love for, 170, 174, 214, 216, 220–1, 251, 256, 267; denounces militant women, 193–4; flees to Caen, 194, 196, 211–12, 222; outlawed, 244; learns of Manon Roland’s death, 252; suicide, 252

‘Ça Ira’ (revolutionary anthem), 77–8, 100, 121

Cabarrus, Domingo (Thérésia’s brother), 263

Cabarrus, Dominique (Thérésia’s uncle), 263

Cabarrus, Francisco (Thérésia’s brother), 263

Cabarrus, François (Thérésia’s father) 67, 277

Cabarrus, Galabert (Thérésia’s uncle), 263

Cabarrus, Thérésia (
later
de Fontenay, then Tallien, then Chimay): social status, xxiii, 56, 67; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; marriage, 67–9; effect of revolution on, 68–9; appearance and dress, 69; political activities, 70–2, 80, 83, 319; attends salons, 76; social life, 78, 312–13, 318–19; liaison with Félix Lepeletier, 80, 266; reputed licentiousness and promiscuity, 80–1, 339–41; relations with Tallien, 81–2, 118, 265–8, 270, 276–8, 287, 307–8; embroiders life-story, 82 & n; education, 92; divorce, 150–1, 167, 263; flees to south, 167; in Bordeaux, 263–5, 270, 279; love for Lamothe, 263–4; 263–4; imprisoned and released, 269; saves lives in Bordeaux, 273, 275–6, 278, 285; donates money to National Convention, 275; confides in Mme Lage de Volude, 276–8; discourse on women, 285–6; leaves Bordeaux for Orléans and Paris, 286–7; imprisoned in La Force, 289–92, 294; meets Tallien at Fontenay, 289; on Robespierre’s downfall, 297; released after death of Robespierre, 301, 305; celebrity and influence, 305–6, 308, 314, 319, 323–4, 341; friendship with Rose de Beauharnais ( Joséphine), 307, 314, 340, 363; closes Jacobin Club, 309; marriage to Tallien, 310–12, 323–4, 347–8; daughter born, 314; regrets killing of royalists, 323; captivates Napoléon, 325–6; Mme de Staël visits at La Chaumière, 333; as Barras’s mistress, 338–9; press and public turn against, 340–1, 346; introduces Talleyrand to Directory society, 344; femininity, 345–6; pregnancy and still-born child by Barras, 347–8, 352; affair and children with Ouvrard, 354, 367–8, 372; letters to Tallien from prison, 357; relations with Juliette Récamier, 358–9; and Barras’s ousting in Brumaire coup, 369; Joséphine banned from seeing, 372; portrayed in
Zoloé
, 374; rebuked by Napoléon at masked ball, 374; divorce from Tallien, 377; entertaining, 377–8; marries Camaran-Chimay, 379–80, 385; influence, 385; retirement and death, 385; rejects Napoléon, 389;
Discours sur l’Éducation
, 271, 274

Caen: anti-Robespierre and Commune movement in, 194, 196–7, 212

calendar (revolutionary), 149

Calonne, Alexandre de, 182

Cambacérès, Régis de, 370

Carmes, Les (prison), 294, 301

Chabot, Citoyen, 231–3

Chalier, Citoyen (deputy), 238

Chalier, Joseph, 228

Champagneux, Luc-Antoine de, 215, 219, 255

Champs de Mars, Paris, 73; massacre (July 1791), 101–2

Charles IV, King of Spain, 276–7

Charles, Hippolyte, 358

Chastenay, Victorine de, 19, 349, 353

Chateaubriand, François-René de, vicomte, 378, 382, 386

Châteauvieux regiment and festival, 120, 149

Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard, 239, 257–8, 281

Chaumière, La (cottage), 311–13, 318–19, 323, 333, 347–8, 353–4, 379

Chénier, André, 121, 313

Chénier, Marie-Joseph, 58, 120–1, 313

Chimay, Joseph de Caraman-Chimay, prince de, 287, 379–80

Chimay, Joseph (Thérésia-Chimay’s son), 386

Chimay, Thérésia, princesse de
see
Cabarrus, Thérésia

Chronique de manége
, 122

Chronique scandaleuse
, 80

Church, the: excommunicates actors and actresses, 57; Manon Roland rejects, 93; and freedom of worship, 258; Robespierre’s attitude to, 290; tolerated under Thermidorians, 322 citizenship: for women, 57, 61, 104; under 1795 constitution, 324

Civil Code (Napoléon’s), 379

Clairon, Claire Joséphe Hippolyte de Latude, 16, 59

Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas de, 16, 23–4, 137

Clichy, château de, 358, 362, 364

Club of the Rights of Man, 71

Cobb, Richard, 185, 226, 264, 289, 347

cockades see tricolour cockade

Coicy, Mme de, 12

Coigny, Aimée de, 20, 313, 372–3

Colbert, Édouard de, 263

Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie, 120, 265, 280, 289, 298, 320

Colombe, Anne, 102, 173, 190

Committee of Public Safety: Girondins’ proposals to, 174; Marat serves on, 199, 228, 296; spies report to, 226; and war with Austria, 228; opposes
enragés
, 229; questions Rose Lacombe on Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 230, 233; Rose Lacombe attacks, 231; and effect of executions, 247; Ysabeau and Tallien’s life in Bordeaux reported to, 274; justifies policy of terror, 280; rebels in, 296; and wearing of cockades and red bonnets, 237

Commune (Paris): formed, 131; Surveillance Committee, 140, 159; Manon Roland dislikes, 161; proposes taxes and arrests, 174; and arrest of Girondins, 176; elections to, 190; defends Robespierre, 298; dismantled, 309

Conciergerie (fortress-prison), Paris, 248, 250, 293

Condorcet, M.J.A.N. de Caritat, marquis de: in Mme de Staël’s circle, 21–2; on citizenship for women, 61, 389; membership of clubs, 62; and Thérésia Cabarrus, 80; and Manon Roland, 88, 127; collaborates on The
Republican
, 99; Tallien denounces, 124; attends Mme Dodun’s salon, 158; on Robespierre, 164–5; as co-author of new constitution, 195; suicide, 247

Condorcet, Sophie, marquise de (
née
de Grouchy), 21, 106, 122, 124, 376

Confederation of the Friends of Truth, 61

Constant, Benjamin: on Mme de Staël, xx, 331; relations with Mme de Staël, 331–3, 342; in Paris, 333, 367; arrested, 336; informs Talleyrand of appointment, 344; Barras dines with, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; on Mme de Staël and Juliette Récamier, 364; appointed tribune under Napoléon, 370–1; attempts to leave Mme de Staël, 371; Napoléon expels from Tribunate, 377; on tyranny of public opinion, 378; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 382, 386;
Cécile
, 331