Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France (64 page)

Constant, Charles, 357–8

Corday, Charlotte, 196–9, 250, 254–5

Cordeliers’ Club, 41, 60, 71, 102

Council of the Elders, 325, 335, 369

Council of Five Hundred, 325, 335, 369

Couton, Georges, 299

Danton, Georges: membership of clubs, 62; celebrates Tennis Court Oath, 72; and threat to Paris, 131; influence and popularity, 140–1; as Minister of Justice, 140–1, 157; in National Convention, 149; Manon Roland’s hostility to, 157–9, 216, 218; recalls Commune’s arrest warrants for Girondins, 159; and September massacres, 159–60; campaign against Roland, 163; Olympe de Gouges admires, 166; informed of Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; and warrant for Roland’s arrest, 174; dismisses Grandpré, 210; Manon Roland describes in memoirs, 216; Robespierre has executed, 281

David, Jacques-Louis: friendship with Talma, 58; and delegation to commemorate Châteauvieux soldiers, 120; paints Michel Lepeletier, 167; portrays death of Marat, 199; designs anniversary celebrations (1793), 204; designs new seal for Republic, 259; designs for Festival of Supreme Being, 291; imprisoned, 312; devises
fêtes
, 313; portrait of Juliette Récamier, 365–6;
The Lictor Bringing Back to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons
(painting), 75

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 25, 39, 53, 72, 104, 388

Delphin (Récamier’s brother-in-law), 181, 183, 185

Desmoulins, Camille: urges rebellion against Louis XVI, 5–6; in storming of Bastille, 37; Théroigne supports, 49 & n, 52; marriage to Lucile Duplessis, 50; on Théroigne’s appearance, 60; Thérésia Cabarrus entertains, 72; celebrates fall of Bastille, 73; on Jacobin Club, 88; Pauline Léon reads newspaper, 102; on commemoration of Châteauvieux regiment rebellion, 121; and threat to Paris, 131; in National Convention, 149; told of Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; on Marat, 173; on condemnation of Girondists, 247; on appeal of executions, 253; first published, 257; publishes
Vieux Cordelier
, 280; executed, 281–2

Desmoulins, Lucile, 50, 282

Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, 377, 380

Diderot, Denis: on informality of manners, 10; ideas, 11; Mme de Staël meets, 16; satirizes Louis XV, 56

Dillon, Arthur, 282

Directory: proposed, 335–6; begins, 337; corruption and inefficiency, 341–2; constitutional monarchists in, 343; rule under Barras, 349; derided as failure, 367; ends, 369

Dodun, Mme, 107, 158 dress and fashion: under ancien régime, 59; of muscadins, 305–6; post-Terror, 314–16, 345; see also Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne-Joséphe

Drôme, Rosalie Jullien de
see
Jullien, Rosalie

du Barry, Jeanne Bécu, comtesse, 214, 253–4, 346

Dubois, Élisabeth (Mme Pierre Favre), 295

Dubouy, Femme (
la Mére Duchesne
), 190

Duchastellet, Achille (
formerly
marquis), 100

Ducos, Roger, 369

Dufourny, Louis-Pierre, 194

Dufriche-Valazé, Charles Eléonor, 247

Dumouriez, General François, 108, 160, 164, 171

Duplessis, Lucile
see
Desmoulins, Lucile

Dyzez, Jean, 298

Écherolles, Alexandrine des, 227–8

Egypt: Napoléon’s expedition to, 352–3, 366, 368

Elliott, Grace Dalrymple, 214, 253, 337

emigrants
see
France

England
see
Britain

enragés, 190, 200–2, 229, 231

Estates-General: Necker urges Louis XVI to summon, 4; deputies meet, 23; becomes National Assembly, 24n

Évrard, Simone, 173, 197

Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe-François-Nazaire, 141, 158, 237

Favre, Pierre, 295

Feast of Reason, 257

Federation Day, 73–5, 121

Female Revolutionary, The, 255

Fersen, Count Axel von, 56

Festival of the Law, 121

Festival of Liberty, 121

Festival of Reason: in Paris, 256–9; in Bordeaux, 269

Festival of the Supreme Being, 121, 290–1

festivals, 121

Feuillants, 106–7, 117

Flauhaut, Adéle de, 10, 15, 153; Adéle de Sénange, 153

Fleury (Manon Roland’s maid), 248

Fontenay, Hortense de, 339

Fontenay, Jean-Jacques Devin, marquis de: marriage to Thérésia, 67–70; divorced, 151; leaves France, 263, 278–9, 385

Fontenay, Théodore de, 69, 263–4, 266, 307, 339

Fontenay, Thérésia, marquise de
see
Cabarrus, Thérésia food shortages, 29, 34–5, 171, 226–7, 273, 278–9, 309, 320–1

Foster, Lady Elizabeth, 380 Fouché, Joseph, 258, 265, 296–7, 299, 308, 344, 368, 371, 381

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine, 172

Fournier, Claude (‘l’Américain’), 36, 41, 127, 147

Fox, Charles, 332

Fox, Henry, 366, 378

France: supports USA in War of Independence, 20; class divisions, 29–30; poor harvest and food shortage (1789), 29, 34; emigration from, 78–9, 104, 151, 153; constitution signed (September 1791), 104; declares war on Austria (April 1792), 123–4; egalitarianism in, 129; monarchy suspended, 132, 138; declared republic (1792), 149; revolutionary reforms under republic, 149–50; revolutionary dress and manners, 151–2; military successes, 164, 309; invades Holland and declares war on Britain, 171; enemies invade, 228; former kings exhumed and given common burial, 245; famine (1793–4), 273, 309; severe winter (1794), 309–10, 317; emigrants return, 322–3, 347; new constitution (1795), 324, 334–5; military setbacks against Britain and allies, 367;
see also
Paris

Francis II, Emperor of Austria, 129

Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 60–2, 70, 81, 321

freemasonry, 20, 71

French Revolution: begins, 5, 29; class appeal, 19–20; anticlericalism, 30; women in, 32–3, 35–7, 43; and violence, 98–9; festivals, 121

Frenelle (Thérésia Cabarrus’s maid), 264, 276

Frénilly, Auguste François, marquis de, 78, 287, 310, 338

Fréron, Stanislas, 141, 296, 305, 307–10, 313

Fructidor, 348–9

Furet, François, 162, 299, 324

Fusil, Louise, 75

Gage, Mme de, 273

Gazette de France
, 334

Genlis, Félicité de: on effect of fashion changes, 60; attends National Assembly, 70; political interests and views, 71, 75–8; visits Salency, 72; wears brooch celebrating fall of Bastille, 74; on David’s drawing of Tennis Court Oath, 75; class loyalty, 76; qualities and character, 76–7; salon and social life, 76–8; on Social Circle, 89; emigrates, 104; in exile in Berlin, 153; influence on Thérésia Cabarrus, 277; relations with Napoléon, 376–7

Genlis, Pamela de, 104

Geoffrin, Marie Thérése Rodet, 10

Gérando, Joseph-Marie de, 371

Gérard, François, 366

Gibbon, Edmund, 16

Gillray, James, 340

Girondins (earlier Brissotin group): Manon Roland supports, 87, 161; meet at Mme Dodun’s, 107; ministry, 124–5, 140; in National Convention, 149, 162; favour women’s rights, 150, 166, 193; dress, 152; leaders arrested, 59; moderate policies, 161; Robespierre persecutes, 162; on September massacres, 162; decline, 170–1; and price-fixing, 172; unsuccessfully indict Marat, 173; popular demands for arrest of, 175–6; militant women oppose, 193–4; expelled from Convention, 210; fugitives outlawed, 244; tried and condemned, 246–7

Godineau, Dominique, 190, 195

Goncourt, Edmond & Jules de, 7

Gorsas, Antoine-Joseph, 193

Gouges, Olympe de: low reputation, 55, 57; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61; in Festival of the Law, 122; offers to defend Louis XV, 166, 193; urges power and rights for women, 203, 388; challenges Robespierre, 217; executed, 254; disparaged, 255;
Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne
, 104–5

Govin, Citoyenne, 231

Grand, Catherine (
later
Mme Talleyrand), 129, 373

Grandchamp, Sophie, 108, 169, 246–7, 250

Grandpré, Citoyen (prison inspector), 209–10, 215

Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 11

Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, baron von, 16

Guérin, Citoyenne, 235–6

Guérin (spy), 288

Guillois, Dr, 254

guillotine: victims, 140, 293; as symbol and cult, 252–4; in Bordeaux, 264, 272

Gustavus III, King of Sweden, 14, 106 Gutwirth, Madelyn, 22, 144

Hamelin, Fortunée, 313, 315, 359, 364, 369, 372

Harmond, Louise-Émilie-Charlotte, 347

Hébert, Jacques, 105, 171, 281

Henri IV, King of France: statue, 73

Hérault de Séchelles, Marie-Jean, 59

Hippolyte (coiffeur), 315

Holland: France invades, 171

Houssaye, Arséne, 150, 359

Hue, François, 151

Hufton, Olwen, 322

Intrigues of Mme de Staël, The
(play), 79

Isabey, Jean-Baptiste, 315

Jacobin Club (Society of the Friends of the Constitution): origins, 24; resistance to women, 44, 62; de Fontenay attends, 70; members, 88; Manon Roland and, 89; petition against king, 101; Théroigne addresses, 117–18; Dr Moore visits, 139; women in, 139–40; imprisons Roux, 231; dispute with Rose Lacombe, 232–4; and relationship between Tallien and Thérésia Cabarrus, 307; closed by Thermidorians, 309

Jacobins: and proposed war with Austria, 117; refuse admittance to women, 171; repressed, 183; disparage Charlotte Corday, 198–9, 255; Manon Roland and, 218; hatred of Tallien, 308; deported by Thermidorians, 320; hostility to royalists, 335

Jaucourt, François de, 142, 145

Jaurés, Jean, 388

Jefferson, Thomas: visits Mme de Staël, 3, 20; on women’s ideas, 12

Jemappe, battle of (1792), 164

Jews: discrimination condemned, 53

Joseph (Thérésia Cabarrus’s servant), 264

Joséphine, Empress of Napoléon I (Rose de Beauharnais): attends National Assembly, 70; held in prison, 294, 301; friendship with Thérésia Cabarrus, 307, 314, 340, 363; attends Thérésia Cabarrus’s wedding, 310; relations with Hoche, 313; dress, 317, 366; and Barras, 325, 338, 344; Napoléon meets and courts, 326, 337; marriage to Napoléon, 338; joins Napoléon on campaign in Italy, 339–40; letters from Napoléon, 339; celebrity, 341; femininity, 345; Talleyrand gives ball for, 351; invites Juliette Récamier, 358; and Brumaire coup, 369–70; banned from seeing Thérésia, 372; moves into Tuileries, 373–4; portrayed in Zoloé, 374; divorce from Napoléon, 379

Journal de la Cour et de la Ville
, 80

Journal général
, 113, 122

Jullien, Marc-Antoine, 282, 285

Jullien, Rosalie: attends and reports on National Assembly meetings, 70, 128; on disturbances and violence in Paris, 103, 133; enjoys Festival of Liberty, 121; and Roland’s letter of resignation to king, 127; interest in politics, 130; sympathy for king, 130; on French response to Prussian invasion, 148; admires Tallien, 150; praises Robespierre, 164

Juniper Hall, Surrey, 153–4

Junot, Jean-Andoche, 336, 340

Kaunitz, Anton von, Prince, 113–14, 116

Laclos, Choderlos de: Les Liaisons Dangereuses, 77

Lacombe, Claire (or Rose), 132, 189–90, 201–3, 225, 229–34, 239

Lacretelle, Charles de, 305, 306, 319, 323, 335, 350

Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul du Motier, marquis de: friendship with Mme de Staël, xx, 20, 390; with Washington in America, 20; as constitutional monarchist, 23, 33; helps compose constitution, 25; as commander of National Guard, 33; on Marie-Antoinette’s cold reception of deputations of women, 33; Pauline Léon’s hostility to, 33, 41, 101, 189; and food supply in Paris, 34; women denounce, 35–6; in Versailles with National Guard, 39, 41; escorts royal family to Paris, 40; celebrates fall of Bastille, 74; orders martial law and Champs de Mars shooting, 101–2; defeated in October 1791 mayoral election, 104; leads Feuillants, 107; and proposed war with Austria, 117; Robespierre attacks, 124; attempts to control events in Paris, 128–9; and Mme de Staël’s plan to save royal family, 139; imprisoned in Austria, 140

La Force (Paris prison), 290–1, 311

Lafurie, Mme (of Saint-Sever), 43

Lage de Volude, Mme, 276–8

Lajer-Burcharth, Ewa, 318