Life on a Young Planet (47 page)

Index

actin,
133

adaptation,
114
,
134

adenine,
79

Akademikerbreen Group,
33
–
39
,
43
–
46
,
49
,
56
,
117
–
118
,
206
,
plate 2

Akam, Michael,
196

Akilia Island, Greenland,
70
–
71

algae,
22
,
139
,
143
,
155
,
159
,
174
,
210
,
218
,
222
–
223
,
244
; brown,
127
,
145
,
152
,
215
; fossils of,
32
,
34
,
43
,
121
,
143
,
147
,
149
–
150
,
159
,
164
,
166
,
plates 2
,
5
, and
6
; green,
43
,
127
,
129
,
133
,
138
,
149
,
152
,
215
,
plate 2
; heterokont,
127
,
138
,
150
; late Proterozoic evolution of,
160
,
222
; red,
127
,
129
,
138
,
147
,
149
–
150
,
152
,
204
,
215
,
plates 5
and
6

ALH-84001,
226
–
234
; bacterial contamination of,
233
; oxygen isotopes in,
229
; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in,
230
; putative microfossils in,
229
–
231
,
233

Allan Hills, Antarctica,
229
–
235

Al-Thukair, Assad,
41

Altman, Sidney,
78

Alzheimer’s disease,
245

amino acid(s),
24
,
30
,
74
,
81
–
82

ammonia (NH
₃
),
74
–
75

ammonium (NH
₄
⁺
),
22
–
23
,
159

amoebae,
133
,
138
; fossils of testate,
150
–
152
,
plate 2
; testate,
127
,
152
,
215

Anabaena
,
110
–
111
,
plate 4

Anabarites trisulcatus
,
10

Anbar, Ariel,
158
–
159

Andros Island, Bahamas,
41

animals,
6
–
13
,
22
–
23
,
31
,
127
,
138
,
142
,
155
,
157
,
161
,
215
,
220
,
244
; bilaterian,
171
,
173
,
186
,
188
,
193
,
219
; body plans of,
187
,
195
,
203
; diploblastic,
222
; earliest fossils of,
147
–
149
,
plate 5
; Ediacaran, fossils of,
161
,
162
,
164
–
177
,
181
,
184
,
200
,
206
,
212
,
217
,
219
,
221
–
223
,
plate 7
; macroscopic,
219
; photosynthetic symbionts in,
131
; phylogeny of,
180
,
194
–
195
; putative pre-Ediacaran fossils of,
203

Anomalocaris
,
191
–
192

apicomplexans,
127

Aquinas, Thomas,
245

Archaea,
14
,
24
–
31
,
55
,
69
,
133
,
215
; antiquity of,
68
; hyperthermophilic,
29
–
30
; methanogenic,
21
,
25
,
29
,
100
–
102
,
135
,
241

archaeocyathans,
181

Archaeoellipsoides
,
110
–
111
,
plate 4

Archean Eon,
2
,
6
,
55

arms race, evolutionary,
184
–
185
,
222

Arrhenius, Gus,
70
–
71

arthropods,
165
,
173
,
180
,
186
–
187
,
189
,
191
,
194
,
222
;
Hox
gene expression in,
196
–
198

astrobiology,
4
,
227
,
232
,
235
–
236
,
239
–
242

ATP,
17
,
26
,
86
–
87
,
132

Augustine, St.,
245

Averof, Michalis,
196

Aysheaia pedunculata
,
192

Bacteria,
7
,
16
,
19
,
22
–
32
,
34
,
42
,
69
–
85
,
113
–
114
,
133
,
139
,
143
,
155
,
215
,
223
,
229
,
231
,
233
,
244
; antiquity of,
68
; cell organization of,
76
; chemosynthetic,
29
,
64
; in deep crust,
228
–
229
; evolution of,
116
; fossils of,
34
,
44
; heterotrophic,
42
; hyperthermophilic,
29
–
30
; ironloving,
92
–
93
; methane-eating,
100
; photosynthetic,
20
–
21
,
25
,
28
,
86
,
101
; sulfur-oxidizing,
204

bacteriochlorophyll,
21

Bahama Banks,
37
,
41
,
44
,
plate 2

Bambach, Dick,
142

banded iron formation (BIF).
See
iron formation