Life on a Young Planet (54 page)

prokaryotes,
19
,
21
,
23
,
26
,
157
; sex in,
156

protein(s),
24
,
30
,
72
,
74
–
77
,
79
,
81
–
84
,
86
–
87
,
182
,
195
,
241
; chaperone,
126
–
127
,
134
–
135

proteobacteria,
135
,
136
; in mitochondrial origins,
131

Proterozoic Eon,
2
,
9

Protostomia,
186
,
200

protozoans,
131
,
139
,
184
,
219
; fossils of,
32
,
34
,
43
,
151
,
155

Pteridinium
,
167
,
177
,
plate 7

punctuated equilibrium,
12
,
116
,
152

pyrite,
47
,
84
,
96
–
97
,
102

Pyrolobus fumarii
,
29

radiation, evolutionary,
199

radioisotopes,
53
–
55

radiometric dating,
53
–
54

Rangea
,
166
–
168

Rasmussen, Birger,
66
,
69

red beds,
97

reef, microbial,
162
–
163
,
174
–
175
,
221
; stromatolitic,
44
,
45
,
117

religion,
244
–
246

replication, self,
74
,
79

respiration,
20
–
22
; aerobic,
20
,
22
,
101
,
103
,
107
,
131
–
132
,
135
; anaerobic,
22
,
101
; antiquity of,
69
; mitochondrial,
132
; using iron,
22
; using manganese,
22
; using nitrate,
20
,
22
,
101
; using sulfate,
20
–
22
,
101

ribose,
79

ribosomes,
24
,
75
–
76
,
124
,
132
,
231

ribozymes,
78
; experimental evolution of,
80

Riviera, Maria,
28

RNA,
17
,
24
,
75
–
82
,
124
,
195
; ribosomal,
24
; self-splicing,
77

RNA world,
79
–
80
,
231

Roper Group,
154
,
158
,
160
,
plate 6

Rosing, Minik,
71

Rubey, William,
75

Runnegar, Bruce,
169

Schimper, A.F.W.,
123

Schoell, Martin,
99
–
100

Schopf, Bill,
60
–
63
,
111
,
143
,
155

Schrag, Dan,
211
–
213
,
218

Scott, Edward,
235

scyphopolyps,
176

sea anemone,
183
; comparisons with fossils,
146
,
165
–
167
,
171

sea pens,
167

seaweeds,
157
,
160
,
182
,
219
; fossils of,
144
,
plate 5

Seilacher, Adolf,
165
–
168
,
170
,
173
,
192
,
203
,
220

Semikhatov, Misha,
6
–
8
,
14
,
116
–
117
,
119

Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP),
55
–
56

Sergeev, Volodya,
109

sex,
153
,
155
–
157

shale, black,
43
,
44
,
46
,
93
,
121
,
141
,
144
–
146
,
154

Shark Bay, Australia,
44

Shen, Yanan,
158

shergottites,
228

siderite (FeCO
₃
),
96

silica (SiO
₂
),
39
,
42
–
43
,
62
,
69
,
91
; precipitation on seafloor,
93
; use in skeletons,
185

sinter,
91

Sirius Passet Fauna,
192

skeletons,
9
–
11
,
33
,
173
–
176
,
181
,
184
–
186
Sleep, Norman,
30

slime molds,
127
,
128

Smith, Andrew,
202
–
203

Snowball Earth,
211
–
215
,
234

Sogin, Mitchell,
133
–
134
,
138

soils, fossil,
97
–
98

sonic hedgehog
,
196

Sphaerotilus
,
92

Spitsbergen,
32
–
46
,
56
,
60
,
62
,
89
,
91
–
92
,
110
,
117
–
118
,
121
,
142
,
150
,
154
,
162
,
206
–
207

sponges,
148
,
181
,
183
–
184
,
191
,
199
,
202
,
222
; developmental genes in,
197

Sprigg, Reg,
164
,
173

Spriggina
,
173
,
188

Squyres, Steve,
237

Steele, Andrew,
233

stem groups,
188
–
189
,
192
–
193
,
204

sterane(s),
94
,
99
,
154
,
235