Life on a Young Planet (50 page)

Earth system science,
206
,
209
,
224

Ecdysozoa,
186

echinoderms,
180
,
194
,
222
; helicoplacoid,
189
–
190
; used to calibrate molecular clock,
202

E. coli
,
135
,
156

ecology,
179
,
193
,
216
–
217
,
222
,
244
,
246
; permissive,
199
,
206
,
216
–
217
,
220
,
224

ecosystem(s); complexity of,
151
,
157
; function of,
19
; microbial,
plate 1

ectoderm,
183
–
184
Edgett, Kenneth,
238

Ediacara Hills, Australia,
164

Einstein, Albert,
246

Eldredge, Niles,
12
,
116

Eliot, T. S.,
179

Embryos: development of,
186
,
195
–
196
; fossil,
147
–
148

endoderm,
183
–
184

endosymbiosis,
128
,
133
,
135
,
150
; primary,
129
–
130
; secondary,
129
–
130
,
150
; tertiary,
129
–
130
; theory of,
123
–
126

Entamoeba histolytica
,
134

Entophysalis
,
110
,
113
,
plate 3

enzyme(s),
75
,
85

Eoastrion
,
92

Eoentophysalis
,
110
,
113
,
117
,
plates 3
and
4

epithelia,
183

Ernietta
,
167

ethics, evolutionary,
246

Eucarya,
25
,
130
,
136

euglenids,
127
,
133

eukaryotes,
19
,
22
,
24
–
27
,
31
,
68
,
139
,
143
,
157
; “big bang” of,
153
; cellular organization of,
122
,
125
; fossil record of,
121
,
164
; late Proterozoic diversification of,
147
,
149
–
150
,
152
–
153
,
160
; late Proterozoic fossils of,
139
,
144
–
152
,
plates 2
,
5
, and
6
; mid-Proterozoic fossils of,
154
,
plate 6
; origin of,
122
–
138
; phylogeny of,
127
,
133
,
137
–
138
,
151
–
152
; recognition of fossil,
142
–
143

Europa,
240

evolution: chemical,
72
,
81
; experimental,
112

evolvability,
189

exploration, planetary,
232
,
235
–
242
,
246

extinction, mass,
144
; associated with late Proterozoic ice ages,
216
; Cretaceous-Tertiary,
220
,
222
; Permian-Triassic,
216
,
220
–
221
; at Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary,
220
–
222

extremophile(s),
30

eyeless
,
196
–
197

Falkowski, Paul,
128

Farquhar, James,
102

Fedo, Christopher,
70

Fedonkin, Misha,
168
,
173

Fedorov, Alexei,
137

fermentation,
20
–
21
,
101
,
132
,
135

fitness,
115

Fitz-Gibbons, Sorel,
28

food web(s),
139
,
151

formaldehyde,
74
,
79

Fortey, Richard,
192

fossils: calcified,
162
–
163
; Cambrian,
10
–
11
,
33
,
179
,
181
,
185
,
188
–
195
,
plate 8
; cyanobacterial,
32
,
40
–
43
,
93
,
108
,
110
–
111
,
143
,
164
,
plates 2
,
3
, and
4
; Ediacaran,
164
–
174
,
177
,
206
,
212
,
217
,
219
,
221
–
223
,
plate 7
; eukaryotic,
139
,
142
–
154
,
plates 2
,
5
, and
6
; small shelly,
10
; trace,
163
,
169
,
171
,
173
,
185
,
197
,
203
; virtual,
176
–
177

Fox, George,
24

fractionation, isotopic,
46
–
48
,
99
–
100

fruit fly,
195
–
196

Fry, Iris,
78

fungi,
127
,
138
,
155
,
157
,
215

Gadhiri, Reza,
81

Gaia hypothesis,
241

Gallionella
,
92

gap junctions,
182

Garcia-Ruiz, Juan,
233

Gehling, Jim,
169

genes,
17
,
29
,
182
,
200
; duplication of,
26
–
27
,
84
,
86
,
88
,
224
; horizontal (
or
lateral) transfer of,
27
,
29
,
84
,
86
,
88
,
94
; regulatory,
182
,
197
,
199
; uniquely found in eukaryotes,
137

genetic code,
17
,
26
,
82

genetics, developmental,
179
,
189
,
195
–
200
,
221
–
222
,
224