Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (48 page)

2. Joseph P. Tumulty,
Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him
(New York: Doubleday, 1921), p. 2.

3. Michael MacDonagh,
The Life of Daniel O’Connell
(London: Cassell and Company, 1903), p. 16.

4. O’Ferrall,
Catholic Emancipation
, p. 37.

5. Angus Macintyre,
The Liberator: Daniel O’Connell and the Irish Party 1830–1847
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1965), p. 7.

6. Catholics in mainland Britain did not have the vote at this time. The number of freeholders is from R. F. Foster,
Modern Ireland,
1600–1972
(New York: Penguin, 1989), p. 302.

7. Denis Gwynn,
Daniel O’Connell
(Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press, 1947), p. 170.

8.
Blackwood’s
Magazine
, May 1827, p. 575.

9. Richard Warner
, Catholic Emancipation, Incompatible With The Safety Of the Established Religion, Liberty, Laws and Protestant Succession of the British Empire
(London: C. J. G. & F. Rivington, 1829).

10. Irene Whelan,
The Bible War in Ireland: The ‘Second Reformation’ and the Polarization of Protestant-Catholic Relations, 1800–1840
(Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), p. 85.

11. Thomas Wyse,
Historical Sketch of the Late Catholic Association of Ireland
, vol. 1 (London: A. J. Valpy, 1829), p. 234.

12. Wyse,
Historical Sketch
, vol. 1, pp. 235, 267.

13. Petition found in Thomas Wyse Papers, MS 15,024, National Library of Ireland, Dublin.

14. R. Ott to Winston Barron, undated; Pat Powers to Wyse, May 17, 1826; John Power to Wyse, April 18, 1826, Thomas Wyse Papers, MS 15,023, National Library of Ireland.

15. See John Magin’s schedule in Thomas Wyse Papers, MS 15,028, National Library of Ireland.

16. See O’Ferrall,
Catholic Emancipation
, pp. 130–33.

17.
Dublin Evening Post
, July 1, 1826; Thomas Bartlett,
The Fall and Rise of the Irish Nation
(Dublin: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992), p. 343.

18. See O’Connell Papers, Records of the Catholic Association, National Library of Ireland: Minutes of the Relief Committee, January 31, 1827, MS 5242; C. M. Murphy to O’Connell, December 20, 1828, MS 5242; Richard Walsh to Edward Dwyer, January 29, 1828, MS 5243; Minutes of the Relief Committee, November 8, 1828, MS 5243; Hayden to Thomas Wyse, August 4, 1826, Thomas Wyse Papers, MS 15,023, National Library of Ireland.

19.
Dublin Evening Post
, July 1, 1828.

20.
Irish Shield
, May 5, 1829.

21. Figures from Foster,
Modern Ireland
, p. 302. The number of freeholders was increased to just over sixty thousand after the franchise was expanded in 1832;
Dublin Evening Post
, July 6, 1826.

22.
Dublin Evening Post
, September 6, 1830; O’Ferrall,
Catholic Emancipation
, p. 215.

23. John Hughes to James Harper, May 17, 1844, reprinted in Lawrence Kehoe, ed.,
Complete Works of the Most Rev. John Hughes, DD
(New York: Lawrence Kehoe, 1866), vol. 1, p. 451.

24. The Whitman reference can be found in Tyler Anbinder,
Five Points: The Nineteenth Century New York Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum
(New York: Free Press, 2001), p. 185. For the Hone reference, see Philip Hone,
The Diary of Philip Hone
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1889), vol. 1, p. 659. For the Brownson quote, see Vincent Peter Lannie, “Profile of an Immigrant Bishop: The Early Career of John Hughes,”
Pennsylvania History
, vol. 32, no. 4 (October 1965), p. 378.

25. Hughes speech at Carroll Hall, March 30, 1841, published in Kehoe,
Complete Works
, p. 256.

26. Richard Shaw,
Dagger John: The Unquiet Life and Times of Archbishop John Hughes of New York
(New York: Paulist Press, 1977), pp. 141–42.

27. Shaw,
Dagger John
, p. 139.

28. Hughes to Seward, August 29, 1840, Hughes Papers, Box 4 (Reel 2), Archives of the Archdiocese of New York, Yonkers, NY.

29. Hughes address at Carroll Hall, October 29, 1841, in Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, p. 272.

30. Glazer and Moynihan,
Beyond the Melting Pot
, p. 227; Hughes to Harper, May 17, 1844, published in Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, p. 462.

31. Hughes to Patrick Collins of the Public School Society, September 15, 1840, Minutes of the Board of Trustees of the Public School Society, New-York Historical Society.

32. Hughes to unknown recipient (addressed as “Right Rev. and Dear Brother in Christ”), August 27, 1840, Hughes Papers, Box 4, Archives of the Archdiocese of New York.

33. Kehoe
, Complete Works
, vol. 1, pp. 100, 54, and 73. For the number of financiers on the PSS board, see Martin L. Meenagh, “Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43,”
American Nineteenth Century History
, vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring 2004), p. 49.

34. Seward to Hughes, September 11, 1840, Hughes papers, Box 4 (Reel 2), Archives of the Archdiocese of New York.

35. John Hassard,
The Life of John Hughes: First Archbishop of New York
(New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 234.

36. Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, pp. 136, 134.

37. Shaw,
Dagger John
, pp. 163, 151–52.

38. Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, pp. 143–83.

39.
U.S. Catholic Miscellany
, November 14, 1840;
New York Observer
, November 7, 1840.

40. Shaw,
Dagger John
, p. 159; Lee Benson,
The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 188.

41.
Freeman’s Journal
, April 17, 1841.

42. Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, pp. 280–81.

43. Sean Wilentz,
Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 330.

44. Hughes to Seward, March 22, 1842, Box 4 (Reel 3), Archives of the Archdiocese of New York.

45. Diane Ravitch,
The Great School Wars: A History of the New York City Public Schools
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).

46. See
Freeman’s Journal
, April 9 and May 7, 1842.

47. Anbinder,
Five Points
, p. 155.

48. John Hughes,
The Catholic Chapter in the History of the United States: A Lecture
, quoted in Walter G. Sharrow, “John Hughes and a Catholic Response to Slavery in Antebellum America,”
The Journal of Negro History
, vol. 57, no. 3 (July 1972), p. 261.

49.
Freeman’s Journal
, August 7, 1841.

50. Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, pp. 269, 276.

51. Figures from Robert Ernst,
Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825-1863
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994), p. 135; Shaw,
Dagger John
, p. 185.

52. Constitution and Bylaws of the American Republican Party, James Harper Papers, Box 1, New York Public Library;
The Crisis: An Appeal to our Countrymen on the subject of Foreign Influence in the United States
(New York: n.p., 1844), p. 5.

53. John Hughes to James Harper, May 17, 1844, reprinted in Kehoe, ed.,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, p. 452.

54. Hassard,
The Life of John Hughes
, pp. 277–78.

55. Shaw,
Dagger John
, p. 197.

56. Hughes to Harper, May 17, 1844, printed in Kehoe, ed.,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, p. 344.

Three:
T
HE
G
REAT
H
UNGER

1.
New York Tribune
, October 4, 1845.

2. Cormac O Grada,
The Great Irish Famine
(London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 25. For a study of how the potato became a staple for the European poor, see Redcliffe N. Salaman,
The History and Social Influence of the Potato
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Salaman also investigates the causes of the potato failure in Ireland and its devastating consequences.

3. These figures are quoted in nearly all works about the Famine, including Christine Kinealy,
This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–52
(Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2006), pp. 295–96.

4. See Maurice Halbwachs,
On Collective Memory
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). For a critique of Halbwachs, see Jeffrey K. Olick,
The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility
(New York: Routledge, 2007).

5.
Hansard
, vol. 89 (February 1847), pp. 994–95; Shelley Barber, ed.,
The Prendergast Letters: Correspondence from Famine-Era Ireland, 1840–1850
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), pp. 98, 140, 119.

6.
The Times
(London), October 10, 1847.

7. Glazer and Moynihan,
Beyond the Melting Pot
, p. 224.

8.
Census for the State of New York for 1855
(Albany: 1857) showed that the city’s total population was 622,924, the number of Irish-born, 175,735, and the total number of foreign-born, 325,646.

9. Christine Kinealy,
A Death-Dealing Famine
:
The Great Hunger in Ireland
(London: Pluto Press, 1997), pp. 141–42.

10. Kinealy,
A Death-Dealing Famine
, p. 4. Historian Peter Gray has described Trevelyan and other British policymakers as “moralists” who saw the famine as a providential judgment on the character of the Irish-Catholic poor. See Gray,
Famine, Land and Politics: British Government and Irish Society, 1843–50
(Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2001).

11. Charles Edward Trevelyan,
The Irish Crisis
(London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1848), p. 184.

12. G. P. Gooch, ed.,
The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878
, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1925), pp. 161–62;
The Economist
, January 30, 1847.

13. Trevelyan,
The Irish Crisis
, p. 187.

14. Kinealy,
This Great Calamity
, p. 196; Trevelyan,
The Irish Crisis
, p. 90.

15. “A Lecture on the Antecedent Causes of the Irish Famine in 1847,” in Kehoe,
Complete Works
, vol. 1, pp. 544–58.

16. James Donnelly,
The Great Irish Potato Famine
(Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2001), pp. 181–82; Kerby Miller,
Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 195–96, 297.

17. Joseph J. Rubin and Charles H. Brown, eds.,
Walt Whitman of the New York Aurora
(State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1950), pp. 58–59.

18. See Hasia Diner’s essay, “The Era of the Great Migration,” in Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher, eds.,
The New York Irish
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 91.

19. Joseph Huthmacher, in “Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
49 (1962), and John Buenker, in
Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), date the beginnings of urban liberalism to the early twentieth century.

20. Lee Benson identified New York politics in 1844 as a clash between two groups of elite officeholders who used the rhetoric of ethnicity and religious difference to mobilize voters. See Benson,
The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy
.

21.
New York Times
, June 22, 1887.

22. See Mick Mulcrone’s essay, “The Famine and Collective Memory,” in Arthur Gribben, ed.,
The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p. 225.

23.
New York Times
, March 27, 1920.

24. See
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, Columbia Center for Oral History, p. 195. Although Mahoney referred to his personal support for specific social reforms, his comments came during a general discussion of the working-class background of Robert Wagner and other Tammany figures.

25.
New York Times
, April 2, 1852.

26.
Irish-American
, June 4, 1868; see
Irish World
’s coverage of food shortages in Ireland, August 30, 1870, and in India, August 25, 1877.

27.
New York American
, January 5, 1910.

28. Undated speech, William Bourke Cockran Papers, New York Public Library, Box 30.

29. See Thomas Flanagan’s essay, “The Irish in John Ford’s Films,” in Michael Coffey, ed.,
The Irish in America
(New York: Hyperion, 1997), pp. 190–95. Ford, according to Flanagan, said that the film’s narrative was “similar to the famine in Ireland, when they threw the people off the land and left them wandering on the roads to starve—part of the Irish tradition.” See also William Kennedy,
Riding the Yellow Trolley Car: Selected Nonfiction
(New York: Viking, 1993), pp. 51–52.

30. Dennis Smith, “A Soul for the Civil Service,” in Coffey, ed.,
The Irish in America
, p. 165; Fire Department of New York roster, January 1, 1888, found in the New York City Fire Museum; author’s tally.

31. Adrian Cook,
The Armies of the Street: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982), p. 43; Bayor and Meagher,
The New York Irish
, p. 95;
New York Times
, September 17, 1869.