Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (57 page)
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Authors: Terry Golway
Tammany and, 147–48, 161–62, 251, 293–94
Jackson, Andrew, 8, 9, 120
James II, King of England, 79
Jay Cooke & Company, 115
Jazz Age, 246, 251
Jefferson, Thomas, 6
Jews:
anti-Catholic assaults denounced by, 129
George supported by, 153
in Manhattan, 129, 146, 147–48, 154, 293
Tammany and, 129–30, 147–48, 154, 161, 251, 293–94
Jim Crow laws, 163
John F. Ahearn Association, 154, 155
Johnson, Albert, 253
Jones, George, 94, 193
Journal of Commerce
, 21, 30
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 55, 67
Kelley, Florence, 212
Kelly, Ed, 304
Kelly, John, 69–71, 73, 103, 135–36, 320
n
as amateur Shakespearean, 109
in anti-monopoly campaign, 132, 134–37, 143
background of, 108–9
big government opposed by, 114, 118
in break with Grace, 135
in break with Tilden, 119
as congressman, 109
Croker and, 146
cross-class coalition built by, 107–8, 123, 132
discipline and loyalty demanded by, 111–12
in 1880 election, 125–31
in 1884 election, 140
illness and death of, 143–44, 148
and need to please both Swallowtail Democrats and Irish-Americans, 114
New York Times
attacks on, 109–10, 118
patronage power centralized by, 110–11
political kickbacks demanded by, 112
as power in state politics, 118, 122
and rehabilitation of Tammany Hall, 105–6, 107, 110–11, 113
in suffrage fight, 122–25
Kelso, James, 95–96
Kelter, Jimmie, 11
Kennedy, Michael, 78
Kennedy, William, 50
Kessner, Thomas, 291
Ketchum, Hiram, 27, 33
Keyserling, Leon, 287, 288
Kildare Place Society (KPS), 14, 22, 23
King, James M., 160
King, John, 54
King James Bible, 22, 27
Knights of Labor, 141, 143
Know Nothings, 55, 62–63, 252
anti-Catholic rhetoric of, 70–71
anti-immigrant agenda of, 66
in 1854 elections, 67–70
Republican Party and, 77
Tammany campaign against, 66–67, 69–71
Koch, Edward I., 306
Krock, Arthur, 187, 284
Ku Klux Klan, 251, 253–54, 257, 281
Democratic Party and, 258–59, 261–62, 271, 288
Labor Department, U.S., 302
labor movement, 141, 143, 148–49, 153
Catholics and, 143, 239
in Gilded Age, 148, 149
Irish-Americans in, 49, 52–53, 141, 163
strikes in, 148, 151, 164
Tammany and, 148, 163–64
labor unrest, 116, 141, 151
Ladies’ Home Missionary Society, 63, 64
La Guardia, Fiorello, 253, 290
coalition building by, 290
in 1929 mayoral election, xv
in 1933 mayoral election, 295
in 1937 mayoral election, 297–99
police corruption scandal and, 299–300
political machine of, 293
political savvy of, 290–91, 296
as reformer, 296
as Tammany enemy, 290, 291–92, 294, 299, 300
Wagner and, 291
laissez-faire economics, xx, 47, 58, 116, 136, 137, 165, 188, 237
Catholic criticism of, 199
Great Famine and, 42–44
moralistic dimension of, 42–43
Progressivism as rejection of, 46
reform movement belief in, 53
Landon, Alf, 297
land-reform movement, 51, 141–42, 143, 149–50, 170
Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps), The
(Mitchel), 217–18
Lauterbach, Edward, 176
Lawrence, Eugene, 102
Leader
, 79
Lee, Robert E., 78
Lehman, Herbert H., xv, 238, 271, 275, 302
in 1932 election, 283
Tammany and, 281
Lehman Brothers, 281
Lenni-Lenape tribe, 5
Leo XIII, Pope, 199, 239
Levy, Aaron, 212, 243, 251
Lexow, Clarence, 167
Lexow Commission, 167, 177
Liberal Clubs, 19, 154
liberalism, Tammany Hall as forerunner of, xx, xxiv, 46, 198, 214, 250, 270–71, 302
Liberty League, 297
Lincoln, Abraham, 77, 78
Littell’s Living Age
, xxii
living wage, 238
Lloyd George, David, 222
London, Irish terrorism in, 90
Long, Huey, 277
Lotus Club, 135
Louis XVI, King of France, 11
Low, Seth, xx, 169, 245
in 1891 mayoral election, 183–84
in 1897 mayoral election, 176–77
as mayor, 184, 191–92
in 1903 mayoral campaign, 189, 192–93
Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 159–60
Lower East Side, 129, 147, 154, 161, 190, 194, 264
Loyal Men of American Liberty, 147
Lubell, Samuel, 266
Luther, Edward Staats, 229
Lynch, Dickie, 146
MacArthur, Robert, 172–73
Maclay, William, 31
MacNeven, William James, 4, 7, 9
Magee, James, 164
Mahon, James O’Gorman, 18
Mahoney, Jeremiah, 197, 199, 200, 213, 232, 238, 239, 294, 295, 296, 300, 302, 316
n
as FDR supporter, 298
in 1937 mayoral election, 297–99
police corruption investigated by, 299–300
Malthus, Thomas, 42
Manhattan:
declining political influence of, 292
Italian immigrants in, 146, 147–48
Jewish immigration to, 129, 146, 147–48, 154
see also
specific neighborhoods
Manhattan Elevated Railroad Company, 162
Marinelli, Albert, 293
Martin, Barney, 137, 163, 182, 183
Martin, James J., 225
Marx, Karl, 153
Mayflower
, xxi
Mazet Committee, 174–75
McAdoo, William Gibbs, 210, 218, 276, 278
in bid for 1924 presidential nomination, 255, 256–57, 259, 271
McCall, Edward, 219
McCarthy, Thomas D., 224–25
McClellan, George, Jr., 215
in 1903 mayoral election, 192–93
in 1905 election, 194
McCloskey, Cardinal John, 110, 127
McCooey, John H., 224
McGlynn, Edward, 150, 152, 199
McKee, Joseph, 295
as mayor, 282–83
McKeown, John J., 223
McManus, Thomas, 154, 198, 203, 204–5, 242, 243, 247, 248
McManus Club, 301–2
McQuade, Francis X., 213
Meagher, Thomas Francis, 49
Methodist Church, 64
Metropolitan Police Department, 54, 80
Miller, Nathan, 232, 237
minimum wage, 196, 212, 226, 232, 238
“Minstrel Boy, The” (Moore), 75
Missouri Pacific Railroads, 148
Mitchel, John, 47–48, 77
Mitchel, John Purroy, 217–18, 245, 248
background of, 218
as collector of customs, 218
in 1913 election, 218–19
in 1917 mayoral election, 226–27
Molly Maguires, 116
Monthly Review
, 168
Mooney, William, 5
Moore, Thomas, 75
Morgan, J. P., 208, 209
Morris, Robert, 36–37
Morrissey, John, 106, 117
Morse, Samuel, 30
Morton, Ferdinand, 254
Moses, Robert, 230–31, 238, 239, 241, 260, 269, 274, 291, 300, 304
Moskowitz, Belle Israels, 203, 228, 230–31, 238, 241, 256, 273, 274
Moskowitz, Henry, 228
Moss, Frank, 167, 174–75
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, xix, 24–25, 40
Mozart Hall, 55
Mrs. Herbert Hoover: American Through and Through
, 266
muckraking journalism, 176, 188, 191, 242
“mugwumps,” 136, 137
Municipal Ownership League, 194, 195
Murphy, Charles Francis “Silent Charlie,” xix, 10, 47, 170, 212, 238, 301, 307
anti-vice stance of, 178–79, 187
background of, 185
as baseball player, 178, 185
as believer in clean government, 186
in Blizzard of 1888, 179–80
chosen as Tammany boss, 180, 185
death of, 233, 255, 275
FDR and, 246–47, 249, 250
FDR’s attacks on, 189
global disarmament pushed by, 231
and Ice Trust scandal, 182
kindness of, 188
McKeown case and, 223
in 1903 election, 192–93
at 1912 Democratic Convention, 206–11
in 1913 election, 219–20
in 1914 election, 247
in 1922 election, 231–32
in 1911 senatorial election, 243–44
political acumen of, 179
as power in state politics, 202
as protégé of Wagner, 246
in rehabilitation of Tammany Hall, 181
saloons owned by, 178, 185
Smith as protégé of, 201, 230, 255, 264
and Smith’s campaign for governor, 227–30
Smith’s presidential candidacy pushed by, 232–33
social reform agenda of, 195–203, 271, 302–3
Sulzer’s attack on, 214–17
as Tammany district leader, 178–79
Wagner as protégé of, 201–2, 328
n
Murphy, Thomas, 88–89, 90
Narragansett Club, 154
Nast, Thomas, 97, 161
anti-Irish cartoons of, 99, 101–2, 157
Nation
, 44, 100–101, 143, 185, 249, 264, 329
n
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), 287–88
National League for the Protection of American Institutions, 160
National Origins Act (1924), 252–53, 282
nativists, nativism, 35–36, 37, 45, 62–63, 64, 70, 99, 141, 146–47, 153, 252, 265
abolitionists and, 72–73, 83
Irish-American antipathy to, 73–74
Republican Party and, 74
Tammany attacks on, 72
see also
Know Nothings
neonativists, 252, 253
New Deal, 195, 196, 232, 237, 241, 246, 250, 266, 283, 297, 298, 299, 328
n
and decline of Tammany, 294
Wagner and, 286–87, 291
New England Society, 184
Newman, John P., 128, 129
New York, N.Y.:
Blizzard of 1888 in, 179–80
Board of Aldermen in, 26, 28, 61, 146, 161, 172, 194, 218, 227, 282
Board of Assistant Aldermen in, 24, 26, 114
New York, N.Y.
Board of Audit in, 91
Board of Estimate and Apportionment in, 114, 282–83
bondholders of, 92, 93, 100
as center of Catholic Church in U.S., 46
changing demographics and culture of, 293, 295, 300, 301, 307
City Council of, 114–15
Common Council of, 23, 26–28, 61, 81, 86
draft exemption payments by, 82–83
draft riots in, 79–82, 90
1844 mayoral election in, 34–37
1871 Orange Day killings in, 94–100, 125
1873 charter of, 114
1877 election in, 123–24
1880 election in, 125–31
1886 election in, 150–51
1894 election in, 172
expansion of, 176–77
gangs in, 54–55
Great Famine’s impact on demographics of, 40–41, 45–46
Irish-Americans in, xvii, xxii–xxiii, 301
Italian-American population of, 293
Jewish population of, 293
New Deal public-works projects in, 294
and Panic of 1873, 115–16
parade for Irish exiles in, 88, 90
pluralistic culture of, 229–30, 252–53, 267
political corruption and violence in, 55
revised charter of, 85–87
suburbs of, 302
temperance movement in, 64–65
Triangle Fire in, 194–95, 202–3, 214, 225, 244, 288
Tweed as public works commissioner of, 87
Tweed Ring’s looting of, 91–92, 93, 100, 109
unemployment in, 115–16, 117, 118, 270, 284, 293
see also
specific boroughs
New York, N.Y., public schools in:
Anglo-Protestant control of, 21, 22–23, 24, 29
as battleground for cultural and religious conflict, 22–32
Hughes and, 24–32
Irish-Americans as teachers in, 51
Seward and, 22, 23–24, 25–26, 28
state legislature’s reform of, 31–32
New York American
, 193
New York Citizens Association, 106, 120
New York City Police Department:
Irish-American domination of, 50–51
Municipal/Metropolitan conflict in, 54
New York City Tract Society, 57
New York Contracting and Trucking Company, 214
New York Council of the Union League, 92
New York County Democratic Committee, 300–301
New Yorker
, 303
New York Evening-Journal
, 193
New York Evening Post
, 4, 53, 56, 57, 123, 193, 217
New York Fire Department:
Irish-American domination of, 50–51
rivalries and turf wars in, 60–61
New York Giants, 213
New York Herald
, 21, 80, 95, 99, 108, 128
New York Industrial Congress, 52
New York National Guard, 54, 97
New York Observer
, 28, 98–99
New York Reform Club, 189, 190
New York Sabbath Committee, 213
New York State:
bond issues of, 260–61
1817 election in, 1–4
1841 election in, 29–31
1854 election in, 67–69
1871 election in, 102–3
Labor Department of, 212, 261
1915 Constitutional Convention in, 224, 225–26
Reconstruction Commission of, 238, 239–40
temperance movement in, 64–65, 71–72
New York State Legislature:
alcohol consumption laws passed by, 174
fare-rollback bill in, 136
1913 session of, 211–14
public schools controversy and, 28–32
Republican control of, 113
New York State Temperance Alliance, 65
New York Stock Exchange, 212, 232
New York Sun
, 92, 99
New York Telegram
, 207
New York Times
, 11, 48, 51, 52, 53, 64, 89, 90, 92, 96, 102, 113, 115, 117, 135, 142, 149, 151, 155, 156, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 173, 179, 186, 187, 209, 218, 224, 231, 244, 256, 264, 284
anti-Tammany position of, 117, 130, 170