Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (56 page)

of 1920, 231

of 1924, 255, 256–60, 268, 288, 329
n

of 1928, 260, 288

of 1932, 276

of 1944, 246, 303–4

Democratic Party, xiv, 36, 67

anti-Tammany faction of, 103, 108, 112

Civil War denounced by, 79

conservative faction of, 135, 137, 140

corruption in, 55

in 1841 election, 30–31

in 1854 election, 69

in 1872 election, 113

in 1880 election, 125–31

in 1884 election, 138–40

Irving Hall faction of, 123, 124, 125–26

Ku Klux Klan and, 258–59, 261–62, 271, 288

in 1912 election, 211

populist faction of, 207

progressive faction of, 211, 218

rise of Irish urban vote in, 207

Smith-FDR alliance in, 240

social reform agenda of, 232

as transformed by Smith’s 1928 presidential campaign, 266

see also
Tammany Hall (organization)

Democratic Party of New York County, xiii, xvii

see also
Tammany Hall (organization)

Democratic-Republican Party, 1–2, 6

Democratic State Convention of 1922, 231, 232

Depew, Chauncey, 138

Depression, Great,
see
Great Depression

De Sapio, Carmine, 301, 306

“Deterioration of Some American People” (Green), 223–24

de Valera, Eamon, 221, 222

Devery, William, 180

Devlin, Charles, 54

Devoy, John, 90, 141–42, 220, 221, 328
n

direct primaries, 215–16, 224

Dix, John Adams, 113

Dix, John Alden, 202, 211

Dooling, James J.:

death of, 298

and 1937 mayoral election, 297–99

as Tammany boss, 296

Douay, University of, 11

Douay Bible, 23, 27

Douglass, Frederick, 75

Dowd, William, 128, 130–31

Dowling, Victor, 221

draft riots, 79–82, 90

Dred Scott decision, 71

Dreier, Mary, 203

Dreyfus, Alfred, 161

Dublin Evening Post
, 16

Dubois, Jean, 20, 33

Dunn, Thomas J., 154, 165–66

Dutchess County, N.Y., 236, 240, 242

Easter Rebellion, 220–21

Economist
, 42

Edward VII, King of England, 48–49

Eisenstein, Louis, 130, 154–55

elections, Ireland, 14–19

elections, U.S.:

of 1800, 6

of 1817, 1–4

of 1828, 8

of 1841, 29–31

of 1844, 34–37

of 1854, 67–69

of 1860, 77

of 1868, 84

of 1871, 102–3

of 1872, 113

of 1874, 116–17

of 1876, 119

of 1877, 123–24

of 1880, 125–31

of 1884, 138–40

of 1886, 150–51

of 1894, 172

of 1897, 176–77

of 1898, 180

of 1901, 183–84

of 1903, 189, 192–93

of 1905, 194

of 1911, 243

of 1912, 210, 211

of 1913, 217, 218–19

of 1914, 224–25, 247

of 1917, 226–27

of 1918, 227–30, 248

of 1920, 234–35, 237, 249

of 1922, 231–32, 240

of 1924, 249, 255, 256–57, 259, 260, 271

of 1928, xiv, 240, 249, 263–66

of 1929, xiv–xv

of 1930, 268

of 1932, 241, 266, 270–78, 283

of 1933, 295

of 1937, 297–99

of 1944, 303–4

Elkus, Abram, 203, 228, 238

Emancipation Proclamation, 79

Emmet, Marvin and Roosevelt, 3

Emmet, Robert, 3

Emmet, Thomas Addis, 2–4, 7

Empire State Building Corporation, 273

Engel, Martin, 187

Engels, Friedrich, 153

Engine Company 6, 60–61

Erie Railroad, 85

eugenicist movement, 251, 252, 258

Evans, Hiram Wesley, 261–62

Evarts, William, 121, 123

Factory Investigating Commission (FIC), 202–3, 211, 228, 238

Farley, James, 246, 274, 276–77, 295

federal income tax, 196

Federalist Party, 1–2, 7

Fellowship Forum
, 254

Fillmore, Millard, 61

Fisk, James, 85

Five Points Mission, 76

Five Points neighborhood, 58, 64, 147, 186

Flanagan, Thomas, 50

Flynn, Edward J., 186, 187, 241, 246, 253, 282, 292, 294, 295, 302–3, 305

and choice of Truman for vice president, 303–4

FDR’s relationship with, 268–69, 303

and 1933 mayoral election, 295

and Smith-FDR contest for 1932 presidential nomination, 270–74, 276–77

Smith’s relationship with, 270, 272, 277

Foley, James, 200, 211, 290

Foley, Tom, xviii–xix, 154, 201

Folks, Homer, 191–92

Ford, John, 50, 316
n

Ford, Patrick, 49, 113, 141–42, 149, 150, 153

Fornes, Charles F., 192

Fortnightly
, 168

Fort Sumter, attack on, 78, 79

Frankfurter, Felix, 273

Freeman’s Journal
, xxi, 29, 33, 66, 67, 77

Free Soil Party, 55, 67

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 34, 35

French Revolution, 11

Fuller, Lawson N., 128, 133–34

Fulton Fish Market, 201

Gaffney, James, 214

Galveston, Tex., 186

Gardiner, Asa Bird, 177

Garner, John Nance, 276, 277–78

Gas House District, 145, 178, 180, 185, 187, 233, 307

Gaynor, William Jay, 215

George, Henry, 142, 143, 149

background of, 149–50

Catholic support for, 153

in 1886 mayoral campaign, 151, 152–53, 163

Jewish support for, 153

wealth inequality and, 150

Gerard, James W., 187, 225, 247, 299

German-Americans, 51, 64, 112, 128, 165, 213, 287

Germany, 220, 221, 226, 288, 293, 297

Gerry, Elbridge, 160

Gettysburg, Battle of, 79, 81

Gibbons, Cardinal James, 143, 199, 208

Gilded Age, 46, 49, 84, 107, 117, 288, 318
n

labor movement in, 148, 149

Tammany in, 132–44

wealth inequality in, 135, 137–38, 141, 149, 150, 162, 164, 169

Gilder, Richard Watson, 157

Glynn, Martin, 217

anti-Catholic bias against, 224–25, 228

in 1914 election, 224

Godkin, E. L., 100–101, 119, 121, 143, 157, 169, 193

Goldberger, Benjamin, 161

Gompers, Samuel, 203

Gone With the Wind
(Mitchell), 50

Good Government Club, 167

Gould, Jay, 85, 133, 134, 136, 148

Tammany and, 135–36

government, commission-style, 186–87

Grace, William Russell, 133, 215

background of, 126–27

in break with Kelly, 135

in 1880 mayoral election, 126–31

as Irish Catholic, 126, 127–29, 130, 135

as mayor, 135, 140

Grady, Thomas, 138–40, 157, 202

Grant, Hugh, 153, 164

Grant, Madison, 251

Grant, Ulysses S., 84, 88, 129

in 1872 election, 113

scandals in administration of, 115

Grapes of Wrath, The
(film), 50, 316
n

Great Depression, 237, 270, 273, 281, 282, 284, 286, 294

Tammany’s failed response to, 292–94, 295

Great Famine, xvii, xxii, xxiii, 37, 38–59, 127, 137, 145, 198–99

and depopulation of Ireland, 39

inadequacy of government relief in, 39–43

in Irish-American memory, 46–50, 56, 58

laissez-faire economics linked to, 42–44

moralistic response to, 41–43

New York City civic life altered by, 46

New York City demographics altered by, 40–41, 45–46

sense of powerlessness in victims of, 39–40, 43, 59

workhouses and, 43

Greeley, Horace, 51, 73, 113, 193, 206

Green, Andrew, 101, 118–19

Green, J. Cottle, 223–24

Grout, Edward M., 192

Gruber, Abraham, 183

Guardians of Liberty, 224

gun-control laws, 196, 231

Halbwachs, Maurice, 39

Hales, David, 21

Hall, Abraham Oakey, 62, 87, 91, 96, 103, 109, 180

elected mayor, 84–85

Hall, Minnie, 183

Hall, Murray, 182–83

Hamilton, Alexander, 2, 193

Hannegan, Robert, 304

Harding, Warren G., 234, 235

Harper, James, 34–37, 52, 63, 64, 113

Harper Brothers, 35

Harper’s Weekly
, 99, 101–2, 126

Harrison, Jonathan Baxter, 120

Hartley, Robert H., 57

Hartley House, 204

Hartwell, Joseph, 125, 170

Hatfield, W. F., 129

Haughton, James, 76

Havemeyer, William, 52

1874 reelection campaign of, 116–17

elected mayor, 113

financial reforms of, 115

unemployment relief rejected by, 116, 117

Hayes, Rutherford B., 119

Hearst, William Randolph, 193, 195

anti-Tammany campaign of, 193–94

and 1905 election, 194

and 1917 mayoral election, 226–27

in 1922 election, 231–32

Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society of America, 252

Hewitt, Abram, 107

in 1886 mayoral campaign, 151–53

Hill, David, 173

Hitler, Adolf, 253, 288

Hoey, James J., 274–75, 295–96

Hoffman, John, 84, 96–97

Hone, Philip, 21

Hood, Thomas, 142

Hoover, Herbert, 270, 273, 292

in 1928 election, 265

Hopkins, Harry, 241, 246

House, Edward M., 218, 224–25

House of Representatives, U.S., 69

Howe, Louis McHenry, 235, 244, 262, 269, 274, 276, 327
n

How the Other Half Lives
(Riis), 162

Hughes, Charles Evans, 194, 195–96, 240

Hughes, John, 46, 51, 63, 76, 83, 128

Americanism as defined by, 33–34, 36

background of, 20

Catholic political party formed by, 29–30

nativism decried by, 35–36

New York Diocese reorganized by, 33

O’Connell’s meeting with, 20–22

personality of, 20–21

pluralism of, 37

power of mass politics mobilized by, 32, 33

in public school controversy, 24–32

on role of laissez-faire economics in Great Famine, 43–44

as suspicious of social reform, 33

Tammany Hall influenced by, 37

and threat of church burnings, 36–37

Hull, Cordell, 277

Hylan, John, 226–27, 230

“I Am Not an Anglo-Saxon,” 67–68

Ice Trust scandal, 181–82

Ickes, Harold L., 246

immigrants, immigration:

bigotry against, 34–35

in conflict with Anglo-Protestants over meaning of American identity, xx, xxi, xxiii–xxiv, 3, 22, 24, 33–36, 41, 46, 63–64, 67–68, 71, 74, 120, 128, 137, 147, 160, 188, 221, 245, 251, 252, 288, 305

Know Nothing agenda against, 66

in Manhattan, 129, 146, 147–48

Progressive bias against, 251

quotas for, 252

restrictions on, 252–53, 282

Tammany as advocate of, xxi, 162, 251, 307

see also
specific ethnic groups

Immigration Act of 1924, 252–53

income inequality, in Gilded Age, 135, 137–38, 141, 149, 150, 162, 164, 169

International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, 301

Ireland:

Anglo-Protestant oppression of, xxi–xxii, 2, 3, 13–14, 74–76, 117–18, 123, 171

Easter Rebellion in, 220–21

Great Famine in, xvii, xxii, xxiii, 37, 38–59, 127, 137, 145, 198–99

home-rule movement in, 168, 169, 170

land-reform movement in, 141–42, 143, 149, 170

parliamentary elections in, 14–19

rebellion of 1919–21 in, 221–24

schools as battlegrounds of cultural and religious conflict in, 14, 21–22

voting rights in, 12, 121–22

Ireland, John, 143, 199

Irish:

seen as incapable of self-government, 167–71

as slaves, 318
n

transatlantic Anglo-Protestant bigotry against, xxii–xxiii, 13–14

Irish-American
, 76–77, 94, 123–24

Irish-Americans:

Anglo-Protestant bigotry against, xviii, xx, xxii, 101, 159, 167–68, 171

anti-abolitionist sentiments of, 74, 76–77, 78, 80

expanded political power of, 8

Great Famine in memories of, 46–50, 58

and Irish land-reform movement, 141–42, 149–50

and Irish war of independence, 220–24

in labor movement, 49, 52–53, 141, 163

language of slavery invoked by, 76

moral evils associated with, 72

Nast’s derogatory cartoons of, 99, 101–2, 157

and New York City draft riots, 79–82, 90

and New York City’s changing demographics, 301

O’Connell as hero of, 9, 10–11

political and cultural framework of, xxii–xxiii, xxiv, 4, 9, 13, 25, 39, 45, 59, 74, 77

political consciousness of, xix–xx, 51–52, 58

reform movement bigotry against, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 41

Republican Party hostility toward, 77

security of public employment as goal of, 50–51

seen as incapable of self-government, 167–71

Tammany Hall as power base of, xvii, xxiv

as Tammany supporters, 90–91

trade unions dominated by, 49, 52–53

Tweed as champion of, 62, 91

in Union Army, 78

as unsympathetic to African-American slaves, 76–77

“weapons of the weak” employed by, xxiv

whiskey drinking by, 64

“whiteness” and, 318
n

Wood supported by, 56–57, 58–59

see also
Catholics, Catholicism; immigrants

Irish Brigade, 78

Irish Land League, 148

Irish News
, 56

Irish Protestants, 80

in attempted conversion of Catholics, 13–14

Battle of the Boyne commemorated by, 94–100

Irish Republican Brotherhood, 221

Irish Shield
, 18

Irish World
, 49, 67, 83, 98, 113, 121, 141, 149, 153

Irving Hall, 123, 124, 125–26

Italian-Americans:

in Manhattan, 146, 147–48