Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (59 page)

Sullivan’s Law, 196, 231

Sulzer, William, 161, 165, 211–12

in attack on Tammany, 214–17

direct primaries supported by, 215

governorship of, 211, 214

impeachment of, 216–17, 224, 248

in 1913 election, 219–20

Sunday blue laws, 213, 244

Swallowtail Democrats, 114, 122–23, 125, 126, 135, 137, 151

Sweeny, Peter, 91, 103, 115, 157

Sweet, Thaddeus, 239

Taft, William Howard, 210

Tamanend (Lenni-Lenape chief), 5

Tammany Hall (building), 5, 6, 93, 275, 300

1868 Democratic Convention held at, 84

1917 July 4th celebration at, 247–48, 250

1929 July 4th celebration at, xiii–xvii, 275

1937 July 4th celebration at, 286, 288–90

sale of, 301

Tammany Hall (organization), xiii–xiv, 281

as advocate of immigrants, xxi, 162, 251, 307

African-Americans and, 162–63, 254

Tammany Hall (organization)

alliance of pragmatic reformers and, 203

anti-imperialist position of, 171

anti-monopoly campaign of, 132–38, 140, 143, 181–82

in battle for New York City home rule, 168

in call for unemployment relief, 116, 118

Catholic charities funded by, 158–59

civil-service reform and, 157

clean government disliked by, 187

Cleveland’s enmity toward, 137–38

Clinton feuds with, 6

clubhouse network of, 153–56, 177

corruption and graft by, xviii, xxiv, 55, 306

Croker and,
see
Croker, Richard

Curry as head of,
see
Curry, John

decline of, xvii, 282, 290–95, 305–6

demagoguery of, xxiv

Democratic-Republican Party supported by, 1–2, 6

direct primaries opposed by, 215–16

Dooling as head of, 296

draft exemption payment plan of, 82–83

1817 state election and, 1–4

1828 presidential election and, 8

in 1854 elections, 67–69

in 1894 election, 172

essential services performed by, 154, 155–56

Executive Committee of, 111

and expansion of New York City, 176–77

expansion of voting rights supported by, 6–7, 8

in failed response to Depression, 292–94, 295

Famine immigrants embraced by, 45

FDR and, 237–38, 241–50

founding of, 4–6

General Committee of, 66, 84, 103, 111

get-out-and-vote efforts of, xix

in Gilded Age, 132–44

Hughes’s influence on, 37

idealized world view of, 132–33

immigration restriction opposed by, 252–53

inclusionary policies of, 162–63, 165–66

initial anti-immigrant policy of, 3–4, 7–8, 28

and Irish-American cultural and political framework, xxii–xxiii

as Irish-American power base, xvii, xxiv

Irish-American support for, 90–91

and Irish home-rule movement, 169

and Irish war of independence, 221–24

Italian-Americans and, 147–48, 161–62, 251, 293–94

Jews and, 129–30, 147–48, 154, 161, 251, 293–94

John Kelly and,
see
Kelly, John

Know Nothings attacked by, 66–67, 69–71

labor movement conflicts and, 148, 163–64

La Guardia as enemy of, 290, 291–92, 294, 299, 300

land reform and, 51

legacy of, 289, 302

Lehman and, 281

looting of city treasury by, 91–92

and Manhattan’s declining political influence, 292

moral evils associated with, 72

Murphy and,
see
Murphy, Charles Francis “Silent Charlie”

Native American symbolism adopted by, 5–6

nativism attacked by, 72

in 1901 election, 183–84

in 1912 election, 211

in 1914 elections, 224–25

in 1924 Democratic National Convention, 258

in 1932 election, 274, 283–84

in 1937 mayoral election, 297–99

patronage jobs dispensed by, xviii–xix, xxiv, 51, 73–74, 110–11, 293

pluralistic philosophy of, 188, 251, 253, 270–71

political savvy of, xix–xx, xxiv

in Progressive Era, 46

Progressivism of, 299

public spectacle embraced by, 307

in race to greet Irish exiles, 88–89

radical politics eschewed by, 33

reformers as enemies of, 112, 132, 155, 156–57, 160–61, 166–67, 169, 174–75

reform movement’s alliance with, 238, 240

regulation legislation promoted by, 197, 212

republican principles of, 5–6, 7

saloons as power bases for, 65, 153

Seabury’s investigation of, 275, 278, 279–80, 284

sense of community fostered by, 155, 165–66, 307

as shadow government, 137

social reform agenda of, xxiv, 164–65, 195–203, 211–13, 224, 225–26, 230, 231, 238, 242, 243, 250, 297

as social safety net, xviii, xix

Sulzer’s attack on, 214–17

Swallowtail Democrats desertion of, 123

as symbol of government corruption, xvii–xviii, 157, 247

as technically separate from Tammany Society, 6

temperance movement as enemies of, 64–66, 71–72

transactional politics of, 132, 156–57, 180, 191

Triangle Fire and, 194–95, 202–3, 214, 225, 288

Tweed expelled from, 103, 105

Tweed in,
see
Tweed, William M. “Boss”

Union troops fielded by, 78, 83

urban liberal agenda of, xx, xxiv, 46, 198, 214, 250, 270–71, 302

in voting rights fight, 122–25

Wagner and, 288

women’s suffrage endorsed by, 228

Wood’s split from, 58–59

Tammany Society, 84, 300–301

as separate from Tammany Hall, 6

Tweed as grand sachem of, 84

Tammany Times
, 161

temperance movement, 64–66, 71–72

see also
Prohibition

test oaths, 2, 15

British abolition of, 18

O’Connell’s campaign for abolition of, 9, 12

Thomas, Charles S., 247

Thomas, Norman, 329
n

Thurber, F. B., 134

Tilden, Samuel J., 58, 82, 83, 85, 101, 103, 112

big government opposed by, 114

in 1876 presidential election, 119

Kelly in break with, 119

as New York governor, 117–18

and rehabilitation of Tammany Hall, 107–8, 110, 113, 114

Tilden Commission, 119–20, 121

voting rights amendment to state constitution proposed by, 121–22

Times
(London), 13

Tompkins Square Park, 116

transactional politics, 132, 156–57, 180, 191

Trevelyan, Charles, xxii, 41–43, 53, 58, 315
n

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 194–95, 202–3, 214, 225, 244, 288

Triborough Bridge, 294

Truman, Harry, in 1944 election, 304

Truth Teller
, 24

Tumulty, Joseph, 11, 254, 255, 265–66, 276

Twain, Mark, 133, 185

Tweed, William M. “Boss,” xviii, 89

arrest of, 103

bribes paid by, 86

as champion of Irish-Americans, 62, 91

as congressman, 68–69

corruption conviction of, 103–4, 115

draft exemption payment plan of, 82–83

in 1871 election, 102–3

Tweed, William M. “Boss”

elected New York State senator, 84

elected to Board of Aldermen, 61

in Engine Company 6, 60–61

looting of city treasury by, 91–92, 93, 100, 109

and New York City charter revision, 85–87

New York City draft riots and, 81

as New York State senator, 86

in partnership with Fisk and Gould, 85

personality and appearance of, 60, 61–62

press and, 92–93, 94, 99–100, 102

prison escape of, 105

as public works commissioner, 87

as Tammany sachem, 84

Tammany’s expulsion of, 103, 105

“Two Aldermen from Tyrone,” 133

Tydings, Millard, 266

Tyng, Stephen H., Jr., 128

Ullman, Daniel, 67

Underwood, Oscar, 256–57, 258

unemployment, 115–16, 117, 118, 270, 284, 293

Union Army, Irish-Americans in, 78

Union League, 161

Union Pacific Railroad, 115, 148

unions,
see
labor movement

United Colored Democracy, 254

United Kingdom, 222

Catholic Emancipation campaign in, 9, 13

United Labor Party, 149

United Order of Native Americans, 147

United States, wealth disparity in, xvi, xviii

U.S. Fidelity and Casualty Company, 162

Van Buren, John, 57

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 85

Vanderbilt family, 134

Van Diemen’s Land, 77

Van Wyck, Robert:

in 1897 mayoral election, 177

as mayor, 180, 181

Victoria, Queen of England, 46–47, 48–49

Villard, Henry, 169

Villard, Oswald Garrison, 193

Voorhis, John R., xv–xvi, 247

voting rights:

in Ireland, 12, 121–22

of Irish Catholics, 12

property ownership and, 6–7, 106–7, 119–25, 321
n

Tammany’s support for expansion of, 6–7, 8

Wadsworth, Charles W., 247

Wadsworth, James, 224

Wagner, Robert F., 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 212, 213, 214, 225, 226, 236, 238, 243, 248, 275, 283, 302, 316
n

background of, 287

commitment to social justice of, 288

FDR and, 246

La Guardia and, 291

as Murphy’s protégé, 246, 328
n

New Deal and, 286–87, 291

as New York Senate majority leader, 201–2

at 1929 July 4th Tammany celebration, xv

in 1932 election, 283–84

at 1937 July 4th Tammany celebration, 286, 288–90

as social reformer, xvi–xvii

Tammany and, 288

on Tammany’s legacy, 289

as U.S. senator, 271

Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 305–6

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act), 287–88

Wagner-Steagall Act, 287, 288

Walker, Francis, 136

Walker, James J., 212, 232, 248, 265, 306

corruption charges against, 275, 278, 279–81

disreputable image of, xv

as New York Senate majority leader, 187–88

at 1929 July 4th Tammany celebration, xiv–xv

in 1929 mayoral election, xiv–xv

resignation of, 281, 292

as social reformer, xiv

Wallace, Henry A., 246, 304

Wallace, Mike, 153

Walsh, Mike, 8–9, 30, 51

ward heelers, patronage power removed from, 110–11

Warner, Richard, 13

Washingtonians, 64

Waterford County, Ireland, 14–17

Welling, Richard, 189–90

Werner, M. A., 196

Western Union, 133

Westminster Review
, 223–24

Whig Party, 22, 23, 28, 36, 54–55, 63, 67

corruption in, 55

in 1841 election, 30–31

White, Andrew D., 106, 170

Whitman, Charles:

governorship of, 224, 225, 279

in 1918 gubernatorial election, 227–29

Whitman, Walt, 21, 32, 45, 107

Whitney, Thomas, 69, 70

wholesalers, anti-monopoly campaign of, 133

Wickham, William, 131

elected mayor, 117

William III, King of England, 79, 94, 97

Wilson, Woodrow, 181, 207, 210, 218, 234, 245, 246, 250

“hyphenated Americanism” attacked by, 221, 252

in 1912 election, 210

and U.S. neutrality, 220–21

Wise, Stephen, 253

Wissig, Philip, 164

WNYC, xv

women, labor laws and, 243

women’s suffrage, New York State passage of, 228

Women’s Trade Union League, 49

Wood, Charles, 42

Wood, Fernando, 53–54, 116, 163, 317
n

corruption of, 55

demagoguery of, 57

government assistance for poor championed by, 56–57, 58

Irish-American support for, 56–57, 58–59

patronage jobs dispensed by, 56

as Peace Democrat, 78–79

in refusal to enforce temperance bill, 72

as secret Know Nothing, 55

as Southern sympathizer, 55, 58, 72

in split with Tammany, 58–59

Woodhull, Caleb S., 55

Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, 120–21

WOR, xv

workers’ compensation, 196, 261

workers’ compensation bill, 211–12, 224

workhouses, 43

Workingmen’s Party, 8

workweek reform, 242, 243, 244, 245, 327
n

World War I, 231

U.S. entry into, 226

U.S. neutrality in, 220–21

World War II, 253, 300

W. R. Grace & Company, 126–27

Wyse, Thomas, 14–16, 17, 154

pragmatism of, 19

Yeats, William Butler, 200

yellow journalism, 193

Yellow Kid
, 193

Young Ireland, 44

Young, Joseph, 183

ILLUSTRATIONS

Blessed with a golden voice and a theatrical presence, Daniel O’Connell created a new kind of mass politics in Ireland, articulating the grievances of the island’s Catholic majority and mobilizing the vote with a disciplined political organization. (
Bettmann/Corbis
)